manus_continuum_granular1

manuscript files for first continuum-till paper
git clone git://src.adamsgaard.dk/manus_continuum_granular1
Log | Files | Refs

commit 53ec0d3820ca4ed390835174be96e125c14a5eb0
parent 255caafff86199c794ab3806cd2239eff32a331c
Author: Anders Damsgaard <anders@adamsgaard.dk>
Date:   Wed,  4 Sep 2019 13:44:05 +0200

Merge branch 'master' of https://git.overleaf.com/5d108663123e620bea96dc22

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Mcontinuum-granular-manuscript1.tex | 107+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
Mexperiments/fig1.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig2.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig3.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig4.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig5.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig6.pdf | 0
Dexperiments/fig7.pdf | 0
Mexperiments/fig8.pdf | 0
11 files changed, 6592 insertions(+), 6441 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BIBnew.bib b/BIBnew.bib @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ @article{Boulton1993, - doi = {10.1017/s0022143000015690}, - year = 1993, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})}, - volume = {39}, - number = {131}, - pages = {26--44}, - author = {G. S. Boulton and K. E. Dobbie}, - title = {Consolidation of sediments by glaciers: relations between sediment geotechnics, soft-bed glacier dynamics and subglacial ground-water flow}, - journal = {J. Glaciol.} + doi = {10.1017/s0022143000015690}, + year = 1993, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})}, + volume = {39}, + number = {131}, + pages = {26--44}, + author = {G. S. Boulton and K. E. Dobbie}, + title = {Consolidation of sediments by glaciers: relations between sediment geotechnics, soft-bed glacier dynamics and subglacial ground-water flow}, + journal = {J. Glaciol.} } @article{Fricker2016, @@ -22,2052 +22,2052 @@ } @Article{Aharonov2002, - Title = {Shear profiles and localization in simulations of granular shear}, - Author = {Aharonov, E. and Sparks, D.}, - Journal = {Phys. Rev., E}, - Year = {2002}, - Pages = {051302}, - Volume = {65}, + Title = {Shear profiles and localization in simulations of granular shear}, + Author = {Aharonov, E. and Sparks, D.}, + Journal = {Phys. 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M. and Ooi, J. Y.}, + Journal = {Powder Technology}, + Year = {2011}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {269--282}, + Volume = {206}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Alley1993, - Title = {In search of ice-stream sticky spots}, - Author = {Alley, R. B.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {1993}, - Number = {133}, - Pages = {447--454}, - Volume = {39}, + Title = {In search of ice-stream sticky spots}, + Author = {Alley, R. B.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {1993}, + Number = {133}, + Pages = {447--454}, + Volume = {39}, } @Article{Alley1986, - Title = {Deformation of till beneath ice stream {B}, {W}est {A}ntarctica}, - Author = {Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Bentley, C. R. and Rooney, S. T.}, - Journal = {Nature}, - Year = {1986}, - Pages = {57--59}, - Volume = {322}, + Title = {Deformation of till beneath ice stream {B}, {W}est {A}ntarctica}, + Author = {Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Bentley, C. R. and Rooney, S. T.}, + Journal = {Nature}, + Year = {1986}, + Pages = {57--59}, + Volume = {322}, } @article{Alley1987c, - title={Till beneath ice stream {B}: 3. Till deformation: evidence and implications}, - author={Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Bentley, C. R. and R., S.T.}, - journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, - volume={92}, - number={B9}, - pages={8921--8929}, - year={1987}, - publisher={Wiley Online Library} + title={Till beneath ice stream {B}: 3. Till deformation: evidence and implications}, + author={Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Bentley, C. R. and R., S.T.}, + journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, + volume={92}, + number={B9}, + pages={8921--8929}, + year={1987}, + publisher={Wiley Online Library} } @Article{Alley1987, - Title = {Till beneath ice stream {B} 4. {A} coupled ice-till flow model}, - Author = {Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Rooney, S. T. and Bentley, C. R.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, - Year = {1987}, - Number = {B9}, - Pages = {8931--8940}, - Volume = {92}, - Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} + Title = {Till beneath ice stream {B} 4. {A} coupled ice-till flow model}, + Author = {Alley, R. B. and Blankenship, D. D. and Rooney, S. T. and Bentley, C. R.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + Year = {1987}, + Number = {B9}, + Pages = {8931--8940}, + Volume = {92}, + Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} } @Article{Ammeri2009, - Title = {Numerical study of bending test on compacted clay by {D}iscrete {E}lement {M}ethod: tensile strength determination}, - Author = {A. Ammeri and M. Jamei and M. Bouassida and O. Pl{\'e} and P. Villard and J. P. Gourc}, - Journal = {Int. J. Computer Applications in Technology}, - Year = {2009}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {13--22}, - Volume = {34}, + Title = {Numerical study of bending test on compacted clay by {D}iscrete {E}lement {M}ethod: tensile strength determination}, + Author = {A. Ammeri and M. Jamei and M. Bouassida and O. Pl{\'e} and P. Villard and J. P. Gourc}, + Journal = {Int. J. Computer Applications in Technology}, + Year = {2009}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {13--22}, + Volume = {34}, } @article{Anandakrishnan1997, - title={Tidal forcing of basal seismicity of ice stream {C}, {W}est - {A}ntarctica, observed far inland}, - author={Anandakrishnan, S. and Alley, R. B.}, - journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, - volume={102}, - number={B7}, - pages={15183--15196}, - year={1997} + title={Tidal forcing of basal seismicity of ice stream {C}, {W}est + {A}ntarctica, observed far inland}, + author={Anandakrishnan, S. and Alley, R. B.}, + journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, + volume={102}, + number={B7}, + pages={15183--15196}, + year={1997} } @Article{Andersen1977, - Title = {{Danien-kalkens overfladetopografi i egnen og farvandet omkring {\AA}rhus}}, - Author = {Andersen, H. L. and Tychsen, J.}, - Journal = {Danskgeologisk Forening}, - Year = {1977}, - Pages = {69--73}, + Title = {{Danien-kalkens overfladetopografi i egnen og farvandet omkring {\AA}rhus}}, + Author = {Andersen, H. L. and Tychsen, J.}, + Journal = {Danskgeologisk Forening}, + Year = {1977}, + Pages = {69--73}, } @Book{Anderson1992, - Title = {Applied groundwater modeling: simulation of flow and advective transport}, - Author = {Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. and Tromp, T. K.}, - Publisher = {Academic Press San Diego}, - Year = {1992}, - Volume = {381}, + Title = {Applied groundwater modeling: simulation of flow and advective transport}, + Author = {Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. and Tromp, T. K.}, + Publisher = {Academic Press San Diego}, + Year = {1992}, + Volume = {381}, } @Article{Andrade2012, - Title = {On the rheology of dilative granular media: {B}ridging solid-and fluid-like behavior}, - Author = {Andrade, J. E. and Chen, Q. and Le, P. H. and Avila, C. F. and Matthew Evans, T. }, - Journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids}, - Year = {2012}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {On the rheology of dilative granular media: {B}ridging solid-and fluid-like behavior}, + Author = {Andrade, J. E. and Chen, Q. and Le, P. H. and Avila, C. F. and Matthew Evans, T. }, + Journal = {Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids}, + Year = {2012}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Augier2010, - Title = {Numerical simulations of transfer and transport properties inside packed beds of spherical particles}, - Author = {Augier, F. and Idoux, F. and Delenne, JY}, - Journal = {Chemical Engineering Science}, - Year = {2010}, - Number = {3}, - Pages = {1055--1064}, - Volume = {65}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Numerical simulations of transfer and transport properties inside packed beds of spherical particles}, + Author = {Augier, F. and Idoux, F. and Delenne, JY}, + Journal = {Chemical Engineering Science}, + Year = {2010}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {1055--1064}, + Volume = {65}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Bagnold1954, - Title = {Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a {N}ewtonian fluid under shear}, - Author = {Bagnold, R. 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E.}, + Journal = {Transactions of the ASAE}, + Year = {1989}, + Number = {3}, + Pages = {822--825}, + Volume = {32}, } @Article{Bartholomaus2011, - Title = {Growth and collapse of the distributed subglacial hydrologic system of {K}ennicott {G}lacier, {A}laska, {USA}, and its effects on basal motion}, - Author = {Bartholomaus, T. C. and Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2011}, - Number = {206}, - Pages = {985}, - Volume = {57}, + Title = {Growth and collapse of the distributed subglacial hydrologic system of {K}ennicott {G}lacier, {A}laska, {USA}, and its effects on basal motion}, + Author = {Bartholomaus, T. C. and Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2011}, + Number = {206}, + Pages = {985}, + Volume = {57}, } @Article{Belheine2009, - Title = {Numerical simulation of drained triaxial test using 3{D} discrete element modeling}, - Author = {Belheine, N. and Plassiard, J. P. and Donz{\'e}, F. V. and Darve, F. and Seridi, A.}, - Journal = {Computers and Geotechnics}, - Year = {2009}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {320--331}, - Volume = {36}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Numerical simulation of drained triaxial test using 3{D} discrete element modeling}, + Author = {Belheine, N. and Plassiard, J. P. and Donz{\'e}, F. V. and Darve, F. and Seridi, A.}, + Journal = {Computers and Geotechnics}, + Year = {2009}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {320--331}, + Volume = {36}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @article{Bell1998, - title={Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a {W}est {A}ntarctic - ice stream from aerogeophysical observations}, - author={Bell, R. E. and Blankenship, D. D. and Finn, C. A. and Morse, D. L. and - Scambos, T. A. and Brozena, J. M. and Hodge, S. M.}, - journal={Nature}, - volume={394}, - number={6688}, - pages={58--62}, - year={1998}, - publisher={Nature Publishing Group} + title={Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a {W}est {A}ntarctic + ice stream from aerogeophysical observations}, + author={Bell, R. E. and Blankenship, D. D. and Finn, C. A. and Morse, D. L. and + Scambos, T. A. and Brozena, J. M. and Hodge, S. M.}, + journal={Nature}, + volume={394}, + number={6688}, + pages={58--62}, + year={1998}, + publisher={Nature Publishing Group} } @Article{Bell2008, - Title = {The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance}, - Author = {Bell, R. E.}, - Journal = {Nat. Geosci.}, - Year = {2008}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {297--304}, - Volume = {1}, - Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group} + Title = {The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance}, + Author = {Bell, R. E.}, + Journal = {Nat. 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D. and Mason, J.}, + Year = {1960}, + Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group} } @InBook{Bindschadler2001, - Title = {The {W}est {A}ntarctic ice sheet: behavior and environment}, - Author = {Bindschadler, R. and Bamber, J. and Anandakrishnan, S.}, - Chapter = {Onset of Streaming Flow in the Siple Coast Region, West Antarctica}, - Pages = {123--136}, - Publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, - Year = {2001}, - Booktitle = {The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment}, - Keywords = {Ice sheets—Antarctica}, + Title = {The {W}est {A}ntarctic ice sheet: behavior and environment}, + Author = {Bindschadler, R. and Bamber, J. and Anandakrishnan, S.}, + Chapter = {Onset of Streaming Flow in the Siple Coast Region, West Antarctica}, + Pages = {123--136}, + Publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, + Year = {2001}, + Booktitle = {The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment}, + Keywords = {Ice sheets—Antarctica}, } @article{Bindschadler2003, - title={Tidally controlled stick-slip discharge of a {W}est {A}ntarctic ice}, - author={Bindschadler, R. 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Glaciol.}, + Year = {1996}, + Number = {140}, + Pages = {43--62}, + Volume = {42}, + Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} } @Article{Boulton1998, - Title = {Slow flow of granular aggregates: the deformation of sediments beneath glaciers}, - Author = {Boulton, G. S. and Dobbie, K. E.}, - Journal = {Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, - Year = {1998}, - Number = {1747}, - Pages = {2713--2745}, - Volume = {356}, - Publisher = {JSTOR} + Title = {Slow flow of granular aggregates: the deformation of sediments beneath glaciers}, + Author = {Boulton, G. S. and Dobbie, K. E.}, + Journal = {Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, + Year = {1998}, + Number = {1747}, + Pages = {2713--2745}, + Volume = {356}, + Publisher = {JSTOR} } @Article{Boulton1987, - Title = {Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences}, - Author = {Boulton, G. S. and Hindmarsh, R. C. 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Glaciol.}, - Year = {1979}, - Number = {90}, - Volume = {24}, + Title = {Stability of temperate ice caps and ice sheets resting on beds of deformable sediment}, + Author = {Boulton, G. S. and Jones, A. S.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {1979}, + Number = {90}, + Volume = {24}, } @Article{Boulton1978, - Title = {Boulder shapes and grain-size distributions of debris as indicators of transport paths through a glacier and till genesis}, - Author = {Boulton, G. S.}, - Journal = {Sedimentology}, - Year = {1978}, - Volume = {25}, - pages={773--799} + Title = {Boulder shapes and grain-size distributions of debris as indicators of transport paths through a glacier and till genesis}, + Author = {Boulton, G. 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E.}, + Publisher = {Irwin/McGraw-Hill}, + Year = {1992}, + Pages = {241} } @Article{Boyce2000, - Title = {Architectural element analysis applied to glacial deposits: {I}nternal geometry of a late {P}leistocene till sheet, {O}ntario, {C}anada}, - Author = {Boyce, J. I. and Eyles, N. }, - Journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin}, - Year = {2000}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {98--118}, - Volume = {112}, - Publisher = {Geological Society of America} + Title = {Architectural element analysis applied to glacial deposits: {I}nternal geometry of a late {P}leistocene till sheet, {O}ntario, {C}anada}, + Author = {Boyce, J. I. and Eyles, N. }, + Journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin}, + Year = {2000}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {98--118}, + Volume = {112}, + Publisher = {Geological Society of America} } @Booklet{Bueler2012, - Title = {Numerical modelling of ice sheets, streams, and shelves}, - Author = {Bueler, E. }, - HowPublished = {Karthaus course notes, \texttt{http://github.com/bueler/karthaus}}, - Year = {2012} + Title = {Numerical modelling of ice sheets, streams, and shelves}, + Author = {Bueler, E. }, + HowPublished = {Karthaus course notes, \texttt{http://github.com/bueler/karthaus}}, + Year = {2012} } @Article{Buiter2006, - Title = {The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment}, - Author = {Buiter, S. J. H. and Babeyko, A. Y. and Ellis, S. and Gerya, T. V. and Kaus, B. J. P. and Kellner, A. and Schreurs, G. and Yamada, Y. }, - Journal = {Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {29}, - Volume = {253}, - Publisher = {Geological Society of London} + Title = {The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment}, + Author = {Buiter, S. J. H. and Babeyko, A. Y. and Ellis, S. and Gerya, T. V. and Kaus, B. J. P. and Kellner, A. and Schreurs, G. and Yamada, Y. }, + Journal = {Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {29}, + Volume = {253}, + Publisher = {Geological Society of London} } @Article{Campanella1983, - Title = {Cone penetration testing in deltaic soils}, - Author = {Campanella, R. G. and Robertson, P. K. and Gillespie, D.}, - Journal = {Can. Geotech. J.}, - Year = {1983}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {23--25}, - Volume = {20} + Title = {Cone penetration testing in deltaic soils}, + Author = {Campanella, R. 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C.}, + Journal = {Transactions-Institution of Chemical Engineeres}, + Year = {1937}, + Pages = {150--166}, + Volume = {15} } @Article{Carr2003, - Title = {Till fabric patterns and significance: particle response to subglacial stress}, - Author = {Carr, S. J. and Rose, J. }, - Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, - Year = {2003}, - Number = {14}, - Pages = {1415--1426}, - Volume = {22}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Till fabric patterns and significance: particle response to subglacial stress}, + Author = {Carr, S. J. and Rose, J. }, + Journal = {Quat. Sci. 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Dept. of Chemical Engineering}, - Year = {1992} + Title = {Hydrodynamics of circulating fluidized beds: kinetic theory approach}, + Author = {Gidaspow, D. and Bezburuah, R. and Ding, J.}, + Institution = {Illinois Inst. of Tech., Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering}, + Year = {1992} } @Article{Goldberg1991, - Title = {What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic}, - Author = {Goldberg, D.}, - Journal = {ACM Computing Surveys}, - Year = {1991}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {5--48}, - Volume = {23}, - ISSN = {0360-0300} + Title = {What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic}, + Author = {Goldberg, D.}, + Journal = {ACM Computing Surveys}, + Year = {1991}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {5--48}, + Volume = {23}, + ISSN = {0360-0300} } @Book{Gonzalez2002, - Title = {Digital image processing}, - Author = {Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E.}, - Publisher = {Prentice Hall}, - Year = {2002}, - Edition = {2nd. ed.}, + Title = {Digital image processing}, + Author = {Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E.}, + Publisher = {Prentice Hall}, + Year = {2002}, + Edition = {2nd. ed.}, } @Article{Green2010, - Title = {Particle Simulation using {CUDA}}, - Author = {Green, S.}, - Journal = {NVIDIA Whitepaper, November}, - Year = {2010}, - Pages = {12 pp.}, + Title = {Particle Simulation using {CUDA}}, + Author = {Green, S.}, + Journal = {NVIDIA Whitepaper, November}, + Year = {2010}, + Pages = {12 pp.}, } @Article{Gregory2006, - Title = {Calculation of the compression index and precompression stress from soil compression test data}, - Author = {Gregory, A. S. and Whalley, W. R. and Watts, C. W. and Bird, N. R. A. and Hallett, P. D. and Whitmore, A. P.}, - Journal = {Soil and Tillage Research}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {45--57}, - Volume = {89}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Calculation of the compression index and precompression stress from soil compression test data}, + Author = {Gregory, A. S. and Whalley, W. R. and Watts, C. W. and Bird, N. R. A. and Hallett, P. D. and Whitmore, A. P.}, + Journal = {Soil and Tillage Research}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {45--57}, + Volume = {89}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Book{Griebel1998, - Title = {Numerical simulation in fluid dynamics}, - Author = {Griebel, M. and Dornseifer, T. and Neunhoeffer, T.}, - Publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, - Year = {1998} + Title = {Numerical simulation in fluid dynamics}, + Author = {Griebel, M. and Dornseifer, T. and Neunhoeffer, T.}, + Publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, + Year = {1998} } @Article{Gupta1982, - Title = {Modeling soil mechanical behavior during tillage}, - Author = {Gupta, S. C. and Larson, W. E.}, - Journal = {ASA Special Publication-American Society of Agronomy (USA)}, - Year = {1982}, + Title = {Modeling soil mechanical behavior during tillage}, + Author = {Gupta, S. C. and Larson, W. E.}, + Journal = {ASA Special Publication-American Society of Agronomy (USA)}, + Year = {1982}, } @Article{Hantush1960, - Title = {Modification of the theory of leaky aquifers}, - Author = {Hantush, M. S.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, - Year = {1960}, - Number = {11}, - Pages = {3713--3725}, - Volume = {65}, - ISSN = {0148-0227}, - Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} + Title = {Modification of the theory of leaky aquifers}, + Author = {Hantush, M. S.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + Year = {1960}, + Number = {11}, + Pages = {3713--3725}, + Volume = {65}, + ISSN = {0148-0227}, + Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} } @Article{Hantush1955, - Title = {Non-steady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer: Am. Geophys}, - Author = {Hantush, M. S. and Jacob, C. E.}, - Journal = {Union Trans}, - Year = {1955}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {95--100}, - Volume = {36}, + Title = {Non-steady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer: Am. Geophys}, + Author = {Hantush, M. 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J.}, + Journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications}, + Year = {2002}, + Number = {1-2}, + Pages = {188--210}, + Volume = {313}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Herrmann2001, - Title = {Structures in deformed granular packings}, - Author = {Herrmann, H. J.}, - Journal = {Granular Matter}, - Year = {2001}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {15--18}, - Volume = {3}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Structures in deformed granular packings}, + Author = {Herrmann, H. J.}, + Journal = {Granular Matter}, + Year = {2001}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {15--18}, + Volume = {3}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Herrmann1998, - Title = {Modeling granular media on the computer}, - Author = {Herrmann, H. J. and Luding, S.}, - Journal = {Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics}, - Year = {1998}, - Number = {4}, - Pages = {189--231}, - Volume = {10}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Modeling granular media on the computer}, + Author = {Herrmann, H. J. and Luding, S.}, + Journal = {Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics}, + Year = {1998}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {189--231}, + Volume = {10}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Herzog2003, - Title = {Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW}, - Author = {Herzog, B. L. and Larson, D. R. and Abert, C. C. and Wilson, S. D. and Roadcap, G. S.}, - Journal = {Ground Water}, - Year = {2003}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {57--65}, - Volume = {41}, - ISSN = {1745-6584}, - Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons} + Title = {Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW}, + Author = {Herzog, B. L. and Larson, D. R. and Abert, C. C. and Wilson, S. D. and Roadcap, G. S.}, + Journal = {Ground Water}, + Year = {2003}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {57--65}, + Volume = {41}, + ISSN = {1745-6584}, + Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons} } @Article{Hiemstra2003, - Title = {Observing artificially induced strain: implications for subglacial deformation}, - Author = {Hiemstra, J. F. and Rijsdijk, K. F.}, - Journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, - Year = {2003}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {373--383}, - Volume = {18}, - Publisher = {Wiley Online Library} + Title = {Observing artificially induced strain: implications for subglacial deformation}, + Author = {Hiemstra, J. F. and Rijsdijk, K. F.}, + Journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, + Year = {2003}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {373--383}, + Volume = {18}, + Publisher = {Wiley Online Library} } @Article{Hill1998, - Title = {Methods and guidelines for effective model calibration: U. S. 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Glaciol.}, - Year = {1997}, - Number = {143}, - Pages = {172--179}, - Volume = {43}, - doi={10.3198/1997JoG43-143-172-179}, - Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} + Title = {Rheology of till beneath Storglaci{\"a}ren, Sweden}, + Author = {Hooke, R. LeB. and Hanson, B. and Iverson, N. R. and Jansson, P. and Fischer, U. H.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {1997}, + Number = {143}, + Pages = {172--179}, + Volume = {43}, + doi={10.3198/1997JoG43-143-172-179}, + Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} } @Article{Hooke1995, - Title = {Grain-size distribution in deforming subglacial tills: role of grain fracture}, - Author = {Hooke, R. LeB. and Iverson, N. R.}, - Journal = {Geology}, - Year = {1995}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {57--60}, - Volume = {23}, - Publisher = {Geological Soc America} + Title = {Grain-size distribution in deforming subglacial tills: role of grain fracture}, + Author = {Hooke, R. LeB. and Iverson, N. 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S. and Iverson, N. R.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2000}, - Number = {155}, - Pages = {641--651}, - Volume = {46}, - Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} + Title = {Diffusive mixing between shearing granular layers: constraints on bed deformation from till contacts}, + Author = {Hooyer, T. S. and Iverson, N. R.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2000}, + Number = {155}, + Pages = {641--651}, + Volume = {46}, + Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} } @Article{Horn2007, - Title = {Interactive k-{D} Tree {GPU} Raytracing}, - Author = {D. R. Horn and J. Sugerman and M. Houston and P. Hanrahan}, - Journal = {Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.}, - Year = {2007}, - Pages = {167--174 pp.}, + Title = {Interactive k-{D} Tree {GPU} Raytracing}, + Author = {D. R. Horn and J. Sugerman and M. Houston and P. 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P. and Veje, C.}, + Journal = {Physical review letters}, + Year = {1999}, + Number = {26}, + Pages = {5241--5244}, + Volume = {82}, + Publisher = {APS} } @article{Hutter1994, - title={Debris flow modeling: {A} review}, - author={Hutter, K. and Svendsen, B. and Rickenmann, D.}, - journal={Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics}, - volume={8}, - number={1}, - pages={1--35}, - year={1994}, - publisher={Springer} + title={Debris flow modeling: {A} review}, + author={Hutter, K. and Svendsen, B. and Rickenmann, D.}, + journal={Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics}, + volume={8}, + number={1}, + pages={1--35}, + year={1994}, + publisher={Springer} } @Article{Iverson2010, - Title = {Shear resistance and continuity of subglacial till: hydrology rules}, - Author = {Iverson, N. R.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2010}, - Number = {200}, - Pages = {1104}, - Volume = {56}, + Title = {Shear resistance and continuity of subglacial till: hydrology rules}, + Author = {Iverson, N. R.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2010}, + Number = {200}, + Pages = {1104}, + Volume = {56}, } @article{Iverson2010-2, - title={Effects of soil aggregates on debris-flow mobilization: results from ring-shear experiments}, - author={Iverson, N. R. and Mann, J. E. and Iverson, R. M.}, - journal={Engineering Geology}, - volume={114}, - number={1}, - pages={84--92}, - year={2010}, - publisher={Elsevier} + title={Effects of soil aggregates on debris-flow mobilization: results from ring-shear experiments}, + author={Iverson, N. R. and Mann, J. E. and Iverson, R. M.}, + journal={Engineering Geology}, + volume={114}, + number={1}, + pages={84--92}, + year={2010}, + publisher={Elsevier} } @article{Iverson1999, - title={Coupling between a glacier and a soft bed: {I}. {A} relation between - effective pressure and local shear stress determined from till - elasticity}, - author={Iverson, N. R. and Baker, R. W. and Hooke, R. LeB. and - Hanson, B. and Jansson, P.}, - journal={J. 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Glaciol.}, + Year = {1999}, + Number = {149}, + Pages = {41--53}, + Volume = {45} } @Article{Iverson1997, - Title = {A ring-shear device for the study of till deformation: tests on tills with contrasting clay contents}, - Author = {Iverson, N. R. and Baker, R. W. and Hooyer, T. S.}, - Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, - Year = {1997}, - Number = {9}, - Pages = {1057--1066}, - Volume = {16}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {A ring-shear device for the study of till deformation: tests on tills with contrasting clay contents}, + Author = {Iverson, N. R. and Baker, R. W. and Hooyer, T. S.}, + Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, + Year = {1997}, + Number = {9}, + Pages = {1057--1066}, + Volume = {16}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Iverson1998, - Title = {Ring-shear studies of till deformation: {C}oulomb-plastic behavior and distributed strain in glacier beds}, - Author = {Iverson, N. R. and Hooyer, T. S. and Baker, R. W.}, - Journal = {J. 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Siegert}, - title = {{Evidence from ice shelves for channelized meltwater flow beneath - the Antarctic Ice Sheet}}, - journal = {Nature Geoscience} + doi = {10.1038/ngeo1977}, + year = 2013, + publisher = {Springer Nature}, + volume = {6}, + number = {11}, + pages = {945--948}, + author = {A. M. {Le Brocq} and N. Ross and J. A. Griggs and R. G. Bingham + and H. F. J. Corr and F. Ferraccioli and A. Jenkins and T. A. Jordan and A. + J. Payne and D. M. Rippin and M. J. Siegert}, + title = {{Evidence from ice shelves for channelized meltwater flow beneath + the Antarctic Ice Sheet}}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience} } @InProceedings{Popov2007, - Title = {Stackless K{D}-Tree Traversal for High Performance GPU Ray Tracing}, - Author = {Popov, S. and G{\"u}nther, J. and Seidel, H. P. and Slusallek, P.}, - Booktitle = {Computer Graphics Forum}, - Year = {2007}, - Number = {3}, - Organization = {Wiley Online Library}, - Pages = {415--424}, - Volume = {26}, + Title = {Stackless K{D}-Tree Traversal for High Performance GPU Ray Tracing}, + Author = {Popov, S. and G{\"u}nther, J. and Seidel, H. P. and Slusallek, P.}, + Booktitle = {Computer Graphics Forum}, + Year = {2007}, + Number = {3}, + Organization = {Wiley Online Library}, + Pages = {415--424}, + Volume = {26}, } @Article{Potyondy2004, - Title = {A bonded-particle model for rock}, - Author = {Potyondy, D. O. and Cundall, P. A.}, - Journal = {Int. J. Rock Mech. Min.}, - Year = {2004}, - Number = {8}, - Pages = {1329--1364}, - Volume = {41}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {A bonded-particle model for rock}, + Author = {Potyondy, D. O. and Cundall, P. A.}, + Journal = {Int. J. Rock Mech. Min.}, + Year = {2004}, + Number = {8}, + Pages = {1329--1364}, + Volume = {41}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Price2002, - Title = {Force balance along an inland tributary and onset to {I}ce {S}tream {D}, {W}est {A}ntarctica}, - Author = {Price, S. F. and Bindschadler, C. L. and Hulbe, C. L. and Blankenship, D. D.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2002}, - Number = {160}, - Pages = {20--30}, - Volume = {48} + Title = {Force balance along an inland tributary and onset to {I}ce {S}tream {D}, {W}est {A}ntarctica}, + Author = {Price, S. F. and Bindschadler, C. L. and Hulbe, C. L. and Blankenship, D. D.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2002}, + Number = {160}, + Pages = {20--30}, + Volume = {48} } @Misc{Rasband1997, - Title = {Image{J}, {US} {N}ational {I}nstitutes of {H}ealth, {B}ethesda, {M}aryland, {USA}}, - Author = {Rasband, W. S.}, - Year = {1997}, + Title = {Image{J}, {US} {N}ational {I}nstitutes of {H}ealth, {B}ethesda, {M}aryland, {USA}}, + Author = {Rasband, W. S.}, + Year = {1997}, } @Article{Rathbun2010, - Title = {Effect of strain localization on frictional behavior of sheared granular materials}, - Author = {Rathbun, A. P. and Marone, C.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, - Year = {2010}, - Number = {B01204}, - Pages = {doi:10.1029/2009JB006466}, - Volume = {115}, + Title = {Effect of strain localization on frictional behavior of sheared granular materials}, + Author = {Rathbun, A. P. and Marone, C.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + Year = {2010}, + Number = {B01204}, + Pages = {doi:10.1029/2009JB006466}, + Volume = {115}, } @Article{Rathbun2008, - Title = {Laboratory study of the frictional rheology of sheared till}, - Author = {Rathbun, A. P and Marone, C. and Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, - Year = {2008}, - Number = {F2}, - Pages = {F02020}, - Volume = {113}, - Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} + Title = {Laboratory study of the frictional rheology of sheared till}, + Author = {Rathbun, A. P and Marone, C. and Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + Year = {2008}, + Number = {F2}, + Pages = {F02020}, + Volume = {113}, + Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} } @Conference{Rathbun2012, - Title = {Numerical investigation of fault zone roughness: Interplay between fault geometry and friction}, - Author = {Rathbun, A. and Renard, F.}, - Booktitle = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, - Year = {2012}, - Publisher = {EGU General Assembly 2012}, - Volume = {14}, - Key = {EGU2012-8850} + Title = {Numerical investigation of fault zone roughness: Interplay between fault geometry and friction}, + Author = {Rathbun, A. and Renard, F.}, + Booktitle = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, + Year = {2012}, + Publisher = {EGU General Assembly 2012}, + Volume = {14}, + Key = {EGU2012-8850} } @Article{Rathbun2013, - Title = {Numerical investigation of the interplay between wall geometry and friction in granular fault gouge}, - Author = {Rathbun, A. P. and Renard, F. and Abe, S.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, - Year = {2013}, - Publisher = {Wiley Online Library} + Title = {Numerical investigation of the interplay between wall geometry and friction in granular fault gouge}, + Author = {Rathbun, A. P. and Renard, F. and Abe, S.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, + Year = {2013}, + Publisher = {Wiley Online Library} } @Article{Reynolds1885, - Title = {On the dilatancy of media composed of rigid particles in contact}, - Author = {Reynolds, O.}, - Journal = {Philos. Mag.}, - Year = {1885}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {46}, - Volume = {20}, + Title = {On the dilatancy of media composed of rigid particles in contact}, + Author = {Reynolds, O.}, + Journal = {Philos. Mag.}, + Year = {1885}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {46}, + Volume = {20}, } @Article{Richefeu:2006-shear, - Title = {Shear strength properties of wet granular materials}, - Author = {Richefeu, V. and El Youssoufi, M. S. and Radja{\"\i}, F.}, - Journal = {Physical Review E}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {051304}, - Volume = {73}, - Publisher = {APS} + Title = {Shear strength properties of wet granular materials}, + Author = {Richefeu, V. and El Youssoufi, M. S. and Radja{\"\i}, F.}, + Journal = {Physical Review E}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {051304}, + Volume = {73}, + Publisher = {APS} } @Article{Richefeu:2006-stress, - Title = {Stress transmission in wet granular materials}, - Author = {Richefeu, V. and Radja{\i}, F. and El Youssoufi, M. S.}, - Journal = {The European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter and Biological Physics}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {4}, - Pages = {359--369}, - Volume = {21}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Stress transmission in wet granular materials}, + Author = {Richefeu, V. and Radja{\i}, F. and El Youssoufi, M. S.}, + Journal = {The European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter and Biological Physics}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {359--369}, + Volume = {21}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Rignot2004, - Title = {Accelerated ice discharge from the {A}ntarctic {P}eninsula following the collapse of {L}arsen {B} ice shelf}, - Author = {Rignot, E. and Casassa, G. and Gogineni, P. and Krabill, W. and Rivera, A.u. and Thomas, R.}, - Journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, - Year = {2004}, - Number = {18}, - Volume = {31} + Title = {Accelerated ice discharge from the {A}ntarctic {P}eninsula following the collapse of {L}arsen {B} ice shelf}, + Author = {Rignot, E. and Casassa, G. and Gogineni, P. and Krabill, W. and Rivera, A.u. and Thomas, R.}, + Journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + Year = {2004}, + Number = {18}, + Volume = {31} } @Article{Rignot2002, - Title = {Mass balance of polar ice sheets}, - Author = {Rignot, E. and Thomas, R. H.}, - Journal = {Science}, - Year = {2002}, - Number = {5586}, - Pages = {1502--1506}, - Volume = {297} + Title = {Mass balance of polar ice sheets}, + Author = {Rignot, E. and Thomas, R. H.}, + Journal = {Science}, + Year = {2002}, + Number = {5586}, + Pages = {1502--1506}, + Volume = {297} } @Article{Rosato2002, - Title = {A perspective on vibration-induced size segregation of granular materials}, - Author = {Rosato, A. D. and Blackmore, D. L. and Zhang, N. and Lan, Y.}, - Journal = {Chemical Engineering Science}, - Year = {2002}, - Number = {2}, - Pages = {265--275}, - Volume = {57}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {A perspective on vibration-induced size segregation of granular materials}, + Author = {Rosato, A. D. and Blackmore, D. L. and Zhang, N. and Lan, Y.}, + Journal = {Chemical Engineering Science}, + Year = {2002}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {265--275}, + Volume = {57}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Book{Sanders2010, - Title = {{CUDA} by example}, - Author = {J. Sanders and E. Kandrot}, - Publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, - Year = {2010}, + Title = {{CUDA} by example}, + Author = {J. Sanders and E. Kandrot}, + Publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, + Year = {2010}, } @Book{Sand-Jensen2006, - Title = {Naturen i Danmark - Geologien}, - Author = {Sand-Jensen, K.}, - Editor = {Gunnar Larsen}, - Publisher = {Gyldendal}, - Year = {2006}, - ISBN = {8702030268} + Title = {Naturen i Danmark - Geologien}, + Author = {Sand-Jensen, K.}, + Editor = {Gunnar Larsen}, + Publisher = {Gyldendal}, + Year = {2006}, + ISBN = {8702030268} } @Conference{Sassa:1996-2, - Title = {Prediction of earthquake induced landslides}, - Author = {Sassa, K.}, - Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Landslides, Trondheim, Norway}, - Year = {1996}, - Pages = {115--132}, - Volume = {1}, + Title = {Prediction of earthquake induced landslides}, + Author = {Sassa, K.}, + Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Landslides, Trondheim, Norway}, + Year = {1996}, + Pages = {115--132}, + Volume = {1}, } @Article{Sassa1996, - Title = {Earthquake-induced-landslides: {D}istribution, motion and mechanisms}, - Author = {Sassa, K. and Fukuoka, H. and Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. and Evans, S.}, - Journal = {Soils and foundations}, - Year = {1996}, - Pages = {53--64}, - Publisher = {Japanese Geotechnical Society} + Title = {Earthquake-induced-landslides: {D}istribution, motion and mechanisms}, + Author = {Sassa, K. and Fukuoka, H. and Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. and Evans, S.}, + Journal = {Soils and foundations}, + Year = {1996}, + Pages = {53--64}, + Publisher = {Japanese Geotechnical Society} } @Article{Sassa2004, - Title = {Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application to landslide dynamics}, - Author = {Sassa, K. and Fukuoka, H. and Wang, G. and Ishikawa, N.}, - Journal = {Landslides}, - Year = {2004}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {7--19}, - Volume = {1}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application to landslide dynamics}, + Author = {Sassa, K. and Fukuoka, H. and Wang, G. and Ishikawa, N.}, + Journal = {Landslides}, + Year = {2004}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {7--19}, + Volume = {1}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Schaeffer1996, - Title = {Force schemes in simulations of granular materials}, - Author = {Sch{\"a}fer, J. and Dippel, S. and Wolf, D. E.}, - Journal = {J. Phys. I France}, - Year = {1996}, - Number = {20}, - Pages = {5--20 pp.}, - Volume = {5}, + Title = {Force schemes in simulations of granular materials}, + Author = {Sch{\"a}fer, J. and Dippel, S. and Wolf, D. E.}, + Journal = {J. Phys. I France}, + Year = {1996}, + Number = {20}, + Pages = {5--20 pp.}, + Volume = {5}, } @Article{Schaffer2008, - Title = {Soil and macro-pores under uniaxial compression. I. Mechanical stability of repacked soil and deformation of different types of macro-pores}, - Author = {Schaffer, B. and Stauber, M. and Mueller, TL and Muller, R. and Schulin, R.}, - Journal = {Geoderma}, - Year = {2008}, - Number = {1-2}, - Pages = {183--191}, - Volume = {146}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Soil and macro-pores under uniaxial compression. I. Mechanical stability of repacked soil and deformation of different types of macro-pores}, + Author = {Schaffer, B. and Stauber, M. and Mueller, TL and Muller, R. and Schulin, R.}, + Journal = {Geoderma}, + Year = {2008}, + Number = {1-2}, + Pages = {183--191}, + Volume = {146}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Book{Schofield1968, - Title = {Critical State Soil Mechanics}, - Author = {Schofield, A. N. and Wroth, P.}, - Publisher = {McGraw-Hill London}, - Year = {1968}, + Title = {Critical State Soil Mechanics}, + Author = {Schofield, A. N. and Wroth, P.}, + Publisher = {McGraw-Hill London}, + Year = {1968}, } @Article{Scholz1998, - Title = {Earthquakes and friction laws}, - Author = {Scholz, C. H.}, - Journal = {Nature}, - Year = {1998}, - Number = {6662}, - Pages = {37--42}, - Volume = {391} + Title = {Earthquakes and friction laws}, + Author = {Scholz, C. H.}, + Journal = {Nature}, + Year = {1998}, + Number = {6662}, + Pages = {37--42}, + Volume = {391} } @Article{Schoof2010, - Title = {Coulomb friction and other sliding laws in a higher order glacier flow model}, - Author = {Schoof, C.}, - Journal = {Math. Models. Meth. Appl. Sci}, - Year = {2010}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {157--189}, - Volume = {20}, + Title = {Coulomb friction and other sliding laws in a higher order glacier flow model}, + Author = {Schoof, C.}, + Journal = {Math. Models. Meth. Appl. Sci}, + Year = {2010}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {157--189}, + Volume = {20}, } @article{Schoof2010b, - title={Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability}, - author={Schoof, C.}, - journal={Nature}, - volume={468}, - number={7325}, - pages={803--806}, - year={2010}, - doi={10.1038/nature09618}, - publisher={Nature Publishing Group} + title={Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability}, + author={Schoof, C.}, + journal={Nature}, + volume={468}, + number={7325}, + pages={803--806}, + year={2010}, + doi={10.1038/nature09618}, + publisher={Nature Publishing Group} } @Article{Schoof2006, - Title = {A variational approach to ice stream flow}, - Author = {Schoof, C.}, - Journal = {J. Fluid Mech.}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {227--251}, - Volume = {556}, - Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press} + Title = {A variational approach to ice stream flow}, + Author = {Schoof, C.}, + Journal = {J. Fluid Mech.}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {227--251}, + Volume = {556}, + Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press} } @article{Schoof2007, - title={Pressure-dependent viscosity and interfacial instability in coupled ice--sediment flow}, - author={Schoof, C.}, - journal={J. Fluid Mech.}, - volume={570}, - pages={227--252}, - year={2007}, - doi={10.1017/S0022112006002874}, - publisher={Cambridge Univ Press} + title={Pressure-dependent viscosity and interfacial instability in coupled ice--sediment flow}, + author={Schoof, C.}, + journal={J. Fluid Mech.}, + volume={570}, + pages={227--252}, + year={2007}, + doi={10.1017/S0022112006002874}, + publisher={Cambridge Univ Press} } @Article{Schreurs2006, - Title = {Analogue benchmarks of shortening and extension experiments}, - Author = {Schreurs, G. and Buiter, S. J. H. and Boutelier, D. and Corti, G. and Costa, E. and CRUDEN, A. and Daniel, J. M. and Hoth, S. and KOYI, H. and Kukowski, N. and others}, - Journal = {Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {1}, - Volume = {253}, - Publisher = {Geological Society of London} + Title = {Analogue benchmarks of shortening and extension experiments}, + Author = {Schreurs, G. and Buiter, S. J. H. and Boutelier, D. and Corti, G. and Costa, E. and CRUDEN, A. and Daniel, J. M. and Hoth, S. and KOYI, H. and Kukowski, N. and others}, + Journal = {Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {1}, + Volume = {253}, + Publisher = {Geological Society of London} } @book{Schwartz2003, - Title = {Fundamentals of Ground Water}, - Author = {Schwartz, F. W. and Zhang, H.}, - Year = {2003}, - Publisher = {Wiley New York} + Title = {Fundamentals of Ground Water}, + Author = {Schwartz, F. W. and Zhang, H.}, + Year = {2003}, + Publisher = {Wiley New York} } @Article{Sergienko2013, - Title = {Regular Patterns in Frictional Resistance of Ice-Stream Beds Seen by Surface Data Inversion}, - Author = {Sergienko, O. V. and Hindmarsh, R. C. A.}, - Journal = {Science}, - Year = {2013}, - Number = {6162}, - Pages = {1086--1089}, - Volume = {342}, + Title = {Regular Patterns in Frictional Resistance of Ice-Stream Beds Seen by Surface Data Inversion}, + Author = {Sergienko, O. V. and Hindmarsh, R. C. A.}, + Journal = {Science}, + Year = {2013}, + Number = {6162}, + Pages = {1086--1089}, + Volume = {342}, } @Article{Shamy2005, - Title = {Coupled Continuum-Discrete Model for Saturated Granular Soils}, - Author = {U. E. Shamy and M. Zeghal}, - Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, - Year = {2005}, - Number = {4}, - Pages = {413--426}, - Volume = {131} + Title = {Coupled Continuum-Discrete Model for Saturated Granular Soils}, + Author = {U. E. Shamy and M. Zeghal}, + Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, + Year = {2005}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {413--426}, + Volume = {131} } @Article{Shih2009, - Title = {Real-Time Ray Tracing with {CUDA}}, - Author = {Shih, M. and Chiu, Y. F. and Chen, Y. C. and Chang, C. F.}, - Journal = {Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing}, - Year = {2009}, - Pages = {327--337}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Real-Time Ray Tracing with {CUDA}}, + Author = {Shih, M. and Chiu, Y. F. and Chen, Y. C. and Chang, C. F.}, + Journal = {Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing}, + Year = {2009}, + Pages = {327--337}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Book{Shirley2009, - Title = {Fundamentals of computer graphics}, - Author = {Shirley, P. and Ashikhmin, M. and Gleicher, M. and Marschner, S. and Reinhard, E. and Sung, K. and Thompson, W. and Willemsen, P.}, - Publisher = {AK Peters}, - Year = {2009}, - Edition = {3rd. ed.}, + Title = {Fundamentals of computer graphics}, + Author = {Shirley, P. and Ashikhmin, M. and Gleicher, M. and Marschner, S. and Reinhard, E. and Sung, K. and Thompson, W. and Willemsen, P.}, + Publisher = {AK Peters}, + Year = {2009}, + Edition = {3rd. ed.}, } @Book{Smed1982, - Title = {Landskabskort over Danmark}, - Author = {Smed, P. and Geografforlaget}, - Publisher = {Geografforlaget}, - Year = {1982}, + Title = {Landskabskort over Danmark}, + Author = {Smed, P. and Geografforlaget}, + Publisher = {Geografforlaget}, + Year = {1982}, } @Article{Smith1997, - Title = {Molecular Dynamics for Polymeric Fluids Using Discontinuous Potentials* 1}, - Author = {Smith, S. W. and Hall, C. K. and Freeman, B. D.}, - Journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, - Year = {1997}, - Number = {1}, - Pages = {16--30}, - Volume = {134}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Molecular Dynamics for Polymeric Fluids Using Discontinuous Potentials* 1}, + Author = {Smith, S. W. and Hall, C. K. and Freeman, B. D.}, + Journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + Year = {1997}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {16--30}, + Volume = {134}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Book{Sonnenborg2005, - Title = {H{\aa}ndbog i grundvandsmodellering}, - Author = {Sonnenborg, T. O. and Henriksen, H. J.}, - Publisher = {GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland}, - Year = {2005} + Title = {H{\aa}ndbog i grundvandsmodellering}, + Author = {Sonnenborg, T. O. and Henriksen, H. J.}, + Publisher = {GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland}, + Year = {2005} } @Article{Stokes2007, - Title = {Ice stream sticky spots: a review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams}, - Author = {Stokes, C. R. and Clark, C. D. and Lian, O. B. and Tulaczyk, S.}, - Journal = {Earth-Science Reviews}, - Year = {2007}, - Number = {3--4}, - Pages = {217--249}, - Volume = {81}, + Title = {Ice stream sticky spots: a review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams}, + Author = {Stokes, C. R. and Clark, C. D. and Lian, O. B. and Tulaczyk, S.}, + Journal = {Earth-Science Reviews}, + Year = {2007}, + Number = {3--4}, + Pages = {217--249}, + Volume = {81}, } @Article{Sun2001, - Title = {{D}{E}{M} applications to aeolian sediment transport and impact process in saltation}, - Author = {Sun, Q. and Wang, G. and Xu, Y.}, - Journal = {Particulate science and technology}, - Year = {2001}, - Number = {4}, - Pages = {339--353}, - Volume = {19}, - Publisher = {Taylor \& Francis} + Title = {{D}{E}{M} applications to aeolian sediment transport and impact process in saltation}, + Author = {Sun, Q. and Wang, G. and Xu, Y.}, + Journal = {Particulate science and technology}, + Year = {2001}, + Number = {4}, + Pages = {339--353}, + Volume = {19}, + Publisher = {Taylor \& Francis} } @Article{Taylor1948, - Title = {Fundamentals of soil mechanics}, - Author = {Taylor, D. W.}, - Journal = {Soil Science}, - Year = {1948}, - Number = {2}, - Pages = {161}, - Volume = {66}, + Title = {Fundamentals of soil mechanics}, + Author = {Taylor, D. W.}, + Journal = {Soil Science}, + Year = {1948}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {161}, + Volume = {66}, } @Article{Tchalenko1970, - Title = {Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes}, - Author = {Tchalenko, J. S.}, - Journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin}, - Year = {1970}, - Number = {6}, - Pages = {1625--1640}, - Volume = {81}, - Publisher = {Geological Society of America} + Title = {Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes}, + Author = {Tchalenko, J. S.}, + Journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin}, + Year = {1970}, + Number = {6}, + Pages = {1625--1640}, + Volume = {81}, + Publisher = {Geological Society of America} } @Article{Tejchman1993, - Title = {Numerical study on patterning of shear bands in a {C}osserat continuum}, - Author = {Tejchman, J. and Wu, W.}, - Journal = {Acta Mechanica}, - Year = {1993}, - Number = {1-4}, - Pages = {61--74}, - Volume = {99}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Numerical study on patterning of shear bands in a {C}osserat continuum}, + Author = {Tejchman, J. and Wu, W.}, + Journal = {Acta Mechanica}, + Year = {1993}, + Number = {1-4}, + Pages = {61--74}, + Volume = {99}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Temam1969, - Title = {Sur l'approximation de la solution des {\'e}quations de {N}avier-{S}tokes par la m{\'e}thode des pas fractionnaires (II)}, - Author = {Temam, R.}, - Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, - Year = {1969}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {377--385}, - Volume = {33}, - Publisher = {Springer} + Title = {Sur l'approximation de la solution des {\'e}quations de {N}avier-{S}tokes par la m{\'e}thode des pas fractionnaires (II)}, + Author = {Temam, R.}, + Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, + Year = {1969}, + Number = {5}, + Pages = {377--385}, + Volume = {33}, + Publisher = {Springer} } @Article{Ter-Borch1991, - Title = {{Geologisk kort over Danmark 1:500 000: Kalkoverfladens struktur (Geological map of Denmark 1:500 000: structural map of the Top Chalk Group)}}, - Author = {Ter-Borch, N.}, - Journal = {Kortserie-DGU, Danmarks Geologiske Unders{\o}gelse}, - Year = {1991}, - Number = {7}, - Pages = {1--2}, - ISSN = {0901-9405}, - Publisher = {Danmarks geologiske undersogelse} + Title = {{Geologisk kort over Danmark 1:500 000: Kalkoverfladens struktur (Geological map of Denmark 1:500 000: structural map of the Top Chalk Group)}}, + Author = {Ter-Borch, N.}, + Journal = {Kortserie-DGU, Danmarks Geologiske Unders{\o}gelse}, + Year = {1991}, + Number = {7}, + Pages = {1--2}, + ISSN = {0901-9405}, + Publisher = {Danmarks geologiske undersogelse} } @Book{Theis1935, - Title = {The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground water storage}, - Author = {Theis, C. V.}, - Publisher = {US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Ground Water Branch}, - Year = {1935} + Title = {The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground water storage}, + Author = {Theis, C. V.}, + Publisher = {US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Ground Water Branch}, + Year = {1935} } @article{Thomas2004, - author = {Thomas, R. and Rignot, E. and Casassa, G. and Kanagaratnam, P. and - Acuña, C. and Akins, T. and Brecher, H. and Frederick, E. and Gogineni, - P. and Krabill, W. and Manizade, S. and Ramamoorthy, H. and Rivera, A. - and Russell, R. and Sonntag, J. and Swift, R. and Yungel, J. and - Zwally, J.}, - title = {Accelerated sea-level rise from {W}est {A}ntarctica}, - volume = {306}, - number = {5694}, - pages = {255-258}, - year = {2004}, - journal = {Science} + author = {Thomas, R. and Rignot, E. and Casassa, G. and Kanagaratnam, P. and + Acuña, C. and Akins, T. and Brecher, H. and Frederick, E. and Gogineni, + P. and Krabill, W. and Manizade, S. and Ramamoorthy, H. and Rivera, A. + and Russell, R. and Sonntag, J. and Swift, R. and Yungel, J. and + Zwally, J.}, + title = {Accelerated sea-level rise from {W}est {A}ntarctica}, + volume = {306}, + number = {5694}, + pages = {255-258}, + year = {2004}, + journal = {Science} } @Article{Thomason2008, - Title = {A laboratory study of particle ploughing and pore-pressure feedback: A velocity-weakening mechanism for soft glacier beds}, - Author = {Thomason, J. F. and Iverson, N. R.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2008}, - Number = {184}, - Pages = {169--181}, - Volume = {54} + Title = {A laboratory study of particle ploughing and pore-pressure feedback: A velocity-weakening mechanism for soft glacier beds}, + Author = {Thomason, J. F. and Iverson, N. R.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2008}, + Number = {184}, + Pages = {169--181}, + Volume = {54} } @Article{Thomason2006, - Title = {Microfabric and microshear evolution in deformed till}, - Author = {Thomason, J. F. and Iverson, N. R.}, - Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {9-10}, - Pages = {1027--1038}, - Volume = {25}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Microfabric and microshear evolution in deformed till}, + Author = {Thomason, J. F. and Iverson, N. R.}, + Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {9-10}, + Pages = {1027--1038}, + Volume = {25}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Other{Thrust, - Title = {http://code.google.com/p/thrust/}, - Author = {Thrust}, - Urldate = {Nov 1., 2011} + Title = {http://code.google.com/p/thrust/}, + Author = {Thrust}, + Urldate = {Nov 1., 2011} } @Article{Tsuji1993, - Title = {Discrete particle simulation of 2-dimensional fluidized-bed}, - Author = {Tsuji, T. and Kawaguchi, T. and Tanaka, T.}, - Journal = {Powder Technology}, - Year = {1993}, - Pages = {79--87}, - Volume = {77}, + Title = {Discrete particle simulation of 2-dimensional fluidized-bed}, + Author = {Tsuji, T. and Kawaguchi, T. and Tanaka, T.}, + Journal = {Powder Technology}, + Year = {1993}, + Pages = {79--87}, + Volume = {77}, } @Article{Tsuji1992, - Title = {Lagrangian numerical simulation of plug flow of cohesionless particles in a horizontal pipe}, - Author = {Tsuji, Y. and Tanaka, T. and Ishida, T.}, - Journal = {Powder Technology}, - Year = {1992}, - Pages = {239--250}, - Volume = {71}, + Title = {Lagrangian numerical simulation of plug flow of cohesionless particles in a horizontal pipe}, + Author = {Tsuji, Y. and Tanaka, T. and Ishida, T.}, + Journal = {Powder Technology}, + Year = {1992}, + Pages = {239--250}, + Volume = {71}, } @Article{Tulaczyk2006, - Title = {Scale independence of till rheology}, - Author = {Tulaczyk, S.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {2006}, - Number = {178}, - Pages = {377--380}, - Volume = {52}, - doi={10.3189/172756506781828601}, - Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} + Title = {Scale independence of till rheology}, + Author = {Tulaczyk, S.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {2006}, + Number = {178}, + Pages = {377--380}, + Volume = {52}, + doi={10.3189/172756506781828601}, + Publisher = {International Glaciological Society} } @phdthesis{Tulaczyk1999-thesis, - title={{Basal mechanics and geologic record of ice streaming, West - Antarctica}}, - author={Tulaczyk, S. M.}, - year={1999}, - school={California Institute of Technology} + title={{Basal mechanics and geologic record of ice streaming, West + Antarctica}}, + author={Tulaczyk, S. 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A. and Wysota, W.}, + Journal = {Boreas}, + Year = {2013}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {428--441}, + Volume = {42}, + Publisher = {Wiley Online Library} } @Article{Vejbaek1994, - Title = {Geological map of Denmark 1: 750 000:(top pre-Zechstein (two-way traveltime and depth))= Geologisk kort over Danmark 1: 750 000:(top pr{\ae}-Zechstein (to vejs l{\o}betid og dybde))}, - Author = {Valdemar Vejb{\ae}k, O. and Britze, P.}, - Journal = {Kortserie-DGU, Danmarks Geologiske Unders{\o}gelse}, - Year = {1994}, - ISBN = {8789813200}, - ISSN = {0901-9405}, - Publisher = {Danmarks geologiske undersogelse} + Title = {Geological map of Denmark 1: 750 000:(top pre-Zechstein (two-way traveltime and depth))= Geologisk kort over Danmark 1: 750 000:(top pr{\ae}-Zechstein (to vejs l{\o}betid og dybde))}, + Author = {Valdemar Vejb{\ae}k, O. and Britze, P.}, + Journal = {Kortserie-DGU, Danmarks Geologiske Unders{\o}gelse}, + Year = {1994}, + ISBN = {8789813200}, + ISSN = {0901-9405}, + Publisher = {Danmarks geologiske undersogelse} } @Article{Vaughan-Hirsch2013, - Title = {Micromorphological analysis of poly-phase deformation associated with the transport and emplacement of glaciotectonic rafts at {W}est {R}unton, north {N}orfolk, {U}{K}}, - Author = {Vaughan-Hirsch, D. 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A.}, - Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc}, - Year = {2007}, - ISBN = {0470028580} + Title = {Geostatistics for environmental scientists}, + Author = {Webster, R. and Oliver, M. A.}, + Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Inc}, + Year = {2007}, + ISBN = {0470028580} } @Article{Weertman1968, - Title = {Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation}, - Author = {Weertman, J.}, - Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, - Year = {1968}, - Number = {50}, - Pages = {161--165}, - Volume = {7}, - Publisher = {COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH} + Title = {Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation}, + Author = {Weertman, J.}, + Journal = {J. Glaciol.}, + Year = {1968}, + Number = {50}, + Pages = {161--165}, + Volume = {7}, + Publisher = {COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH} } @Article{Wen1966, - Title = {Mechanics of fluidization}, - Author = {C. 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Q. and Yu, A. B. and Chew, S. J. and Zulli, P.}, + Journal = {Powder Handling and Processing}, + Year = {2001}, + Number = {1}, + Pages = {71--76}, + Volume = {13} } @Article{Yao2003, - Title = {Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Method of Analysis of Clays}, - Author = {M. Yao and A. Anandarajah}, - Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, - Year = {2003}, - Volume = {129}, + Title = {Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Method of Analysis of Clays}, + Author = {M. Yao and A. Anandarajah}, + Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, + Year = {2003}, + Volume = {129}, } @Article{Yohannes2012, - Title = {Boundary stresses due to impacts from dry granular flows}, - Author = {Yohannes, B. and Hsu, L. and Dietrich, W. E. and Hill, K. M.}, - Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, - Year = {2012}, - Number = {F2}, - Pages = {F02027}, - Volume = {117}, - Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} + Title = {Boundary stresses due to impacts from dry granular flows}, + Author = {Yohannes, B. and Hsu, L. and Dietrich, W. E. and Hill, K. M.}, + Journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + Year = {2012}, + Number = {F2}, + Pages = {F02027}, + Volume = {117}, + Publisher = {American Geophysical Union} } @Article{Zhang1992, - Title = {The interface between fluid-like and solid-like behaviour in two-dimensional granular flows}, - Author = {Zhang, Y. and Campbell, C. S.}, - Journal = {J. Fluid Mech.}, - Year = {1992}, - Pages = {541}, - Volume = {237}, - Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press} + Title = {The interface between fluid-like and solid-like behaviour in two-dimensional granular flows}, + Author = {Zhang, Y. and Campbell, C. S.}, + Journal = {J. 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B.}, - Journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}, - Year = {1999}, - Number = {2}, - Pages = {536--553}, - Volume = {269}, - Publisher = {Elsevier} + Title = {Rolling friction in the dynamic simulation of sandpile formation}, + Author = {Zhou, Y. C. and Wright, B. D. and Yang, R. Y. and Xu, B. H. and Yu, A. B.}, + Journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}, + Year = {1999}, + Number = {2}, + Pages = {536--553}, + Volume = {269}, + Publisher = {Elsevier} } @Article{Zhou2010, - Title = {Discrete particle simulation of particle-fluid flow: model formulations and their applicability}, - Author = {Zhou, Z. Y. and Kuang, S. B. and Chu, K. W. and Yu, A. B.}, - Journal = {J. Fluid Mech.}, - Year = {2010}, - Pages = {482--510}, - Volume = {661} + Title = {Discrete particle simulation of particle-fluid flow: model formulations and their applicability}, + Author = {Zhou, Z. Y. and Kuang, S. B. and Chu, K. W. and Yu, A. B.}, + Journal = {J. 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G. and - Xie, S.-P.}, - title = {Technical Summary}, - booktitle = {IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, - editor = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and - Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and - Midgley, P.M.}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - chapter = {TS}, - pages = {33--115}, - DOI = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.005}, - year = {2013}, + author = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Alexander, L. V. + and Allen, S. K. and Bindoff, N. L. and Bréon, F.-M. and Church, J. A. and + Cubasch, U. and Emori, S. and Forster, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and + Gillett, N. and Gregory, J. M. and Hartmann, D. L. and Jansen, E. and + Kirtman, B. and Knutti, R. and Krishna Kumar, K. and Lemke, P. and + Marotzke, J. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Meehl, G. A. and Mokhov, I. I. + and Piao, S. and Ramaswamy, V. and Randall, D. and Rhein, M. and Rojas, + M. and Sabine, C. and Shindell, D. and Talley, L. D. and Vaughan, D. G. and + Xie, S.-P.}, + title = {Technical Summary}, + booktitle = {IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. + Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the + Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, + editor = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and + Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and + Midgley, P.M.}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + chapter = {TS}, + pages = {33--115}, + DOI = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.005}, + year = {2013}, } @book{Benn2014, - title={Glaciers and Glaciation}, - author={Benn, D. and Evans, D. J. A.}, - year={2014}, - publisher={Routledge} + title={Glaciers and Glaciation}, + author={Benn, D. and Evans, D. J. 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C.}, + journal={Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A}, + volume={298}, + number={1445}, + pages={637--681}, + year={1981}, + publisher={The Royal Society} } @article{Stokes2002, - title={Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow?}, - author={Stokes, C. R. and Clark, C. D}, - journal={Boreas}, - volume={31}, - number={3}, - pages={239--249}, - year={2002}, - publisher={Wiley Online Library} + title={Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow?}, + author={Stokes, C. R. and Clark, C. D}, + journal={Boreas}, + volume={31}, + number={3}, + pages={239--249}, + year={2002}, + publisher={Wiley Online Library} } @article{Beget1986, - title={{Modeling the influence of till rheology on the flow and profile of the Lake Michigan lobe, southern Laurentide ice sheet, USA}}, - author={Beget, J. E.}, - journal={J. 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J.}, + journal={Quat. Sci. Rev.}, + volume={16}, + number={9}, + pages={1017--1038}, + year={1997}, + publisher={Elsevier} } @article{Brown1987, - title={Rapid soft bed sliding of the {P}uget glacial lobe}, - author={Brown, N. E. and Hallet, B. and Booth, D. B.}, - journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, - volume={92}, - number={B9}, - pages={8985--8997}, - year={1987}, - publisher={Wiley Online Library} + title={Rapid soft bed sliding of the {P}uget glacial lobe}, + author={Brown, N. E. and Hallet, B. and Booth, D. B.}, + journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, + volume={92}, + number={B9}, + pages={8985--8997}, + year={1987}, + publisher={Wiley Online Library} } @article{Exner1925, - title={Uber die wechselwirkung zwischen wasser und geschiebe in fl{\"u}ssen}, - author={Exner, F. M.}, - journal={Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. Naturwiss. 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F}, + journal={Journal of Sedimentary Research}, + volume={68}, + number={3}, + year={1998}, + publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology} } @article{Hart1995, - title={Subglacial erosion, deposition and deformation associated with deformable beds}, - author={Hart, J. K.}, - journal={Progress in Physical Geography}, - volume={19}, - number={2}, - pages={173--191}, - year={1995}, - publisher={Sage Publications} + title={Subglacial erosion, deposition and deformation associated with deformable beds}, + author={Hart, J. K.}, + journal={Progress in Physical Geography}, + volume={19}, + number={2}, + pages={173--191}, + year={1995}, + publisher={Sage Publications} } @article{Hart2011, - title={Subglacial till behaviour derived from in situ wireless multi-sensor subglacial probes: Rheology, hydro-mechanical interactions and till formation}, - author={Hart, J. K. and Rose, K. C. and Martinez, K.}, - journal={Quat. Sci. Rev.}, - volume={30}, - number={1}, - pages={234--247}, - year={2011}, - publisher={Elsevier} + title={Subglacial till behaviour derived from in situ wireless multi-sensor subglacial probes: Rheology, hydro-mechanical interactions and till formation}, + author={Hart, J. K. and Rose, K. C. and Martinez, K.}, + journal={Quat. Sci. Rev.}, + volume={30}, + number={1}, + pages={234--247}, + year={2011}, + publisher={Elsevier} } @incollection{Martinez2009, - title={Deploying a wireless sensor network in {I}celand}, - author={Martinez, K. and Hart, J. K. and Ong, R.}, - booktitle={GeoSensor Networks}, - pages={131--137}, - year={2009}, - publisher={Springer} + title={Deploying a wireless sensor network in {I}celand}, + author={Martinez, K. and Hart, J. 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Glaciol.} +} diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ clean: @$(RM) $(NAME).xdy @$(RM) $(NAME)-blx.bib @$(RM) $(NAME).run.xml - + @$(RM) BIBnew.bib diff --git a/continuum-granular-manuscript1.tex b/continuum-granular-manuscript1.tex @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ maxcitenames=2, backend=bibtex8]{biblatex} \begin{abstract} Subglacial sediment mechanics are of primary importance to glacier and ice-sheet flow patterns at high basal water pressures. Till yield strength follows the non-linear Mohr–Coulomb rheology, but that does not by itself describe the spatial distribution of strain. -Here, we present a water-saturated granular continuum model that is consistent with laboratory experiments on till and follows Mohr–Coulomb behavior at large scales. +Here we present a water-saturated granular continuum model that is consistent with laboratory experiments on till and follows Mohr–Coulomb behavior. The model is sufficiently lightweight to allow for coupled glacier-sediment-hydrology modeling. The strain distribution and sediment transport arises from principal sediment properties, and for the first time allows for a quantification of sediment advection during shear. We show that past pulses in water pressure can transfer shear away from the ice-bed interface and deep into the bed. @@ -49,8 +49,42 @@ We show that past pulses in water pressure can transfer shear away from the ice- \section{Introduction}% \label{sec:introduction} +Subglacial sediment deformation is in many settings a constituent of primary importance to glacier flow \citep[e.g.][]{Boulton1974, Engelhardt1990, Fischer1994, Truffer2006}. +The mechanical behavior of the sediment is long debated \citep[e.g.][]{Alley1986, Boulton1987, Kamb1991, Iverson1995, Hooke1997, Tulaczyk2001, Fowler2003, Iverson2010}. +The earliest applied till rheologies were viscous in nature, allowing the formulation of analytical solutions to the coupled ice-till problem \citep[e.g.][]{Walder1994, Hindmarsh1999, Fowler2000}, and a glacier sliding law similar to hard-bed sliding laws without cavitation \citep[e.g.][]{Budd1979}. + + + +% Iverson1998 +% Tulaczyk2001, Tulaczyk2006 +% Hart2017, Hart2019 +% Damsgaard2013 +% Iverson2015 +% Damsgaard2016 + +% Tsai, Schoof + +% Tarasov? + +% remote-sensing inversion and modeling +% Gudmundsson, Robel, Minchew, Winberry2011, Walker2013, Thompson2014, Rosier2015, Ritz2015, Bindschadler2003 + +% Minchew2019 + +% mu(I) +% GDR-MiDi2004 +% Jop2005 +% Pouliquen2006 +% Forterre2008 + +% non-local mu(I) +% Henann2013, Kamrin2015, Henann2016 + + +However, with $\mu(I)$ being a \emph{local} rheology, the local stress state and material properties alone define the local strain rate $\mu(I)$. +Furthermore, $\mu(I)$ rheology does not work for slow flows as the thickness of shear bands depends on the shear velocity and vanishes in the quasi-static limit \citep{Forterre2008}. + -The local $\mu(I)$ rheology does not work for slow flows as the thickness of shear bands depends on the shear velocity and vanishes in the quasi-static limit \citep{Forterre2008}. \section{Methods}% \label{sec:methods} @@ -66,8 +100,8 @@ We assume that the elasticity is negligible and set the total shear rate $\dot{\ \end{equation} where $\mu = \tau/\sigma_\text{n}'$ is the dimensionless ratio between shear stress ($\tau$ [Pa]) and effective normal stress ($\sigma_\text{n}' = \sigma_\text{n} - p_f$ [Pa]). Water pressure is $p_\text{f}$ [Pa] and $g$ [s$^{-1}$] is the granular fluidity. -The fluidity consists of local and non-local components. -The local fluidity is defined as: +The fluidity is a kinematic variable governed by grain velocity fluctuations and packing fraction \citep{Zhang2017}, and consists of local and non-local components. +The local contribution to fluidity is defined as: \begin{equation} g_\text{local}(\mu, \sigma_\text{n}') = \begin{cases} @@ -117,13 +151,41 @@ Future research will investigate how wide grain-size distributions affect strain \subsection{Numerical solution procedure}% \label{sub:numerical_solution_procedure} +<<<<<<< HEAD The presented formulation is applicable to any spatial dimensionality. For the purposes of this study we apply it in a 1D spatial reference system. Axis $x$ is along flow and axis $z$ is pointed upwards with a domain thickness of $L_z$. Shear deformation is restricted to occur in horizontal (x) shear zones. We assign depth coordinates $z_i$ and fluidity $g_i$ to a regular grid with ghost nodes and cell spacing $\Delta z$. The normal stress is assumed to increase with depth due to lithostatic pressure from the overburden ($\sigma_\text{n}(z) = \int^{z'=L_z}_{z'=z} \rho_\text{s} \phi G dz' + \sigma_\text{n,t}$), where G is the magnitude of gravitational acceleration and $\sigma_\text{n,t}$ is the normal stress applied on the top of the domain. +======= +We apply the model in a one-dimensional setup where simple shear occurs along the horizontal axis $x$. +The vertical axis is denoted $z$. +The spatial domain is $L_z = 8$ m long and is discretized into cells with equal size to the representative grain size $d$. +The upper boundary, i.e.\ the ``ice-bed interface'', exerts effective normal stress and shear stress on the granular assemblage. +The miniscule contribution to material strength through fluid viscosity is neglected. +The effective normal stress is found by adding the lithostatic contribution that increases with depth to the normal stress applied from the top: +\begin{equation} + \sigma_\text{n}(z) + = \sigma_\text{n,top} + (1 - \phi)\rho_\text{s} G (L_z - z), + \label{eq:sigma_n} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + \sigma_\text{n,top}' = \sigma_\text{n,top} - p_\text{f,top} + \quad \text{and} \quad + \sigma_\text{n}'(z) = \sigma_\text{n}(z) - p_\text{f}(z). + \label{eq:sigma_n_eff} +\end{equation} +Normal stress ($\sigma_\text{n,top}$) and fluid pressure ($p_\text{f,top}$) at the top are given as constant or time-variable values. +The shear friction is through the depth of the model found as: +\begin{equation} + \mu(z) + = \mu_\text{top} \frac{\sigma_\text{n,top}'}{\sigma_\text{n}'(z)}. + \label{eq:tau} +\end{equation} +>>>>>>> 40980e249147e180020e940365370387fa1083dc +We assign depth coordinates $z_i$, granular fluidity $g_i$, and fluid pressure $p_{\text{f},i}$ to a regular grid with ghost nodes and cell spacing $\Delta z$. The fluidity field $g$ is solved for a set of mechanical forcings ($\mu$, $\sigma_\text{n}'$, boundary conditions for $g$), and material parameters ($A$, $b$, $d$). We rearrange Eq.~\ref{eq:g} and split the Laplace operator ($\nabla^2$) into a 1D central finite difference 3-point stencil. An iterative scheme is applied to relax the following equation at each grid node $i$: @@ -160,17 +222,35 @@ We then use Jacobian iterations to find an implicit solution to the same equatio For the final pressure field at $t + \Delta t$ we mix the explicit and implicit solutions with equal weight, which is known as the Crank-Nicholson method \citep[e.g.][]{Patankar1980, Ferziger2002, Press2007}. The method is unconditionally stable and second-order accurate in time and space. -\subsection{Simulation setup} -The spatial domain is two meters long and is discretized into 50 cells. -We use a representative grain size of $d = 0.04$ m, a grain material density of $\rho = 2600$ kg/m$^3$, a porosity of $\phi = 0.25$, and a Coulomb-friction coefficient of $\mu_\text{s} = 0.37$. -Dimensionless material parameters $A$ and $b$ from Eq.~\ref{eq:g_local} and~\ref{eq:cooperativity} are 0.4 and 0.9377, respectively. -These values are constrained from experiments on glass beads \citep{Damsgaard2013, Henann2016}. +\subsubsection{Rate-controlled experiments} % quick edit, needs rewrite. perhaps also move somewhere else +The continuum model is in its presented form suited for resolving strain rate and shear velocity from a given stress forcing, i.e. in a stress-controlled setup. +However, certain experiments are best approached in a rate-controlled manner where a specified shear rate results in strain-rate distribution and shear stress. +For our system of equations this is an inverse problem that can be tackled by adjusting the applied stress until the resultant shear velocity matches the desired value. +We implement an automatic iterative procedure that can be set to match a shear velocity, or limit the velocity beneath a given value. +First, an initial top velocity value $v_x^*$ is calculated in a forward manner on the base of an arbitrary value for friction $\mu^*$. +The difference between $v_x^*$ and the desired velocity $v_x^\text{d}$ is calculated as a normalized residual $r$: +\begin{equation} + r = \frac{v_x^\text{d} - v_x^*}{v_x^* + 10^{-12}}. + \label{eq:residual} +\end{equation} +The value $10^{-12}$ is added to the denominator to avoid division by zero if the initial applied friction value $\mu^*$ does not cause yield. +If the residual value $r$ is negative, the current applied friction produces a shear velocity that exceeds the desired value, and vice versa. +If the absolute value of the residual exceeds the tolerance criteria ($|r| > 10^{-3}$), the applied friction is adjusted: +\begin{equation} + \mu^*_\text{new} = \mu^* (1.0 + \theta r), + \label{eq:stressiter} +\end{equation} +where $\theta = 10^{-2}$ is a chosen relaxation factor. +The computations are then rerun with the new applied stress until the tolerance criteria is met. +In rate-\emph{limited} experiments, the iterative procedure is only performed for negative residual values. Importantly, the resultant shear velocities are in this setup not limited by anything but sediment kinematics. The simulated velocities are for the most part far greater than any glacial setting, where horizontal stresses keep ice masses in place over weak beds. +\subsection{Simulation setup} +Parameter values and their references are listed in Table~\ref{tab:params}. For the first experiment with variable water pressure, we apply a water-pressure forcing amplitude of 50 kPa that modulates effective stress at the top around 100 kPa (Fig.~\ref{fig:stick_slip}). \begin{table*}[htbp] @@ -185,7 +265,7 @@ For the first experiment with variable water pressure, we apply a water-pressure Hydraulic permeability & $k$ & m$^2$ & $2.0\times10^{-17}_\text{d}$ & $1.3\times10^{-14}_\text{e}$ & $4.9\times10^{-17}_\text{f}$ & $1.3\times10^{-17}_\text{?}$ \\ Nonlocal amplitude & $A$ & -- & $0.40_\text{a}$ & $0.40_\text{a}$ & $0.40_\text{a}$ & $0.40_\text{a}$ \\ Nonlinear rate dependence beyond yield & $b$ & -- & $0.9377_\text{g}$ & $0.9377_\text{g}$ & $0.9377_\text{g}$ & $0.9377_\text{g}$ \\ - Grain material density & $\rho_\text{s}$ & kg m$^{-3}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{a}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ \\ + Grain material density & $\rho_\text{s}$ & kg m$^{-3}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{a}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ & $2.6\times10^3_\text{g}$ \\ Porosity & $\phi$ & -- & $0.25_\text{a}$ & $0.22_\text{h}$ & $0.35_\text{?}$ & $0.37_\text{h}$ \\ \bottomrule \end{tabular} @@ -242,10 +322,11 @@ For the first experiment with variable water pressure, we apply a water-pressure \begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{experiments/fig3.pdf} + \includegraphics[width=15cm]{experiments/fig3.pdf} \caption{\label{fig:till_simulation}% - Steady-state strain distribution with no water-pressure variations with different till properties (Table~\ref{tab:params}). - All experiments are at a shear rate of 320 m a$^{-1}$ and a normal stress of $\sigma_\text{n}'$ = 85 kPa. + Analysis of parameter influence on steady-state strain distribution and bulk friction during shear. + All experiments are at a shear rate of 300 m a$^{-1}$ and a normal stress of $\sigma_\text{n}'$ = 100 kPa. + Parameter values marked with an asterisk (*) are used outside of the individual parameter sensitivity tests. } \end{center} \end{figure} diff --git a/experiments/fig1.pdf b/experiments/fig1.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig2.pdf b/experiments/fig2.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig3.pdf b/experiments/fig3.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig4.pdf b/experiments/fig4.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig5.pdf b/experiments/fig5.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig6.pdf b/experiments/fig6.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig7.pdf b/experiments/fig7.pdf Binary files differ. diff --git a/experiments/fig8.pdf b/experiments/fig8.pdf Binary files differ.