manus_continuum_granular1

manuscript files for first continuum-till paper
git clone git://src.adamsgaard.dk/manus_continuum_granular1
Log | Files | Refs

commit 4584e4efb0732a405ee22afeccf02c412273ae8a
parent 2a0c7eeace52e33c3463c0704f57ea9125b71ef7
Author: Anders Damsgaard <anders@adamsgaard.dk>
Date:   Thu, 10 Oct 2019 14:20:50 +0200

Update discussion

Diffstat:
MBIBnew.bib | 343+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------
Mcontinuum-granular-manuscript1.tex | 47++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
2 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 185 deletions(-)

diff --git a/BIBnew.bib b/BIBnew.bib @@ -1444,8 +1444,8 @@ @Article{Kjaer2006, Title = {Subglacial decoupling at the sediment/bedrock interface: a new mechanism for rapid flowing ice}, - Author = {Kj{\ae}r, K. H. and Larsen, E. and {van der - Meer}, J. and Ing{\'o}lfsson, {\'O}. and Kr{\"u}ger, J. and {\"O}rn + Author = {Kj{\ae}r, K. H. and Larsen, E. and {van der + Meer}, J. and Ing{\'o}lfsson, {\'O}. and Kr{\"u}ger, J. and {\"O}rn Benediktsson, {\'I}. and Knudsen, C. G. and Schomacker, A.}, Journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.}, Year = {2006}, @@ -2014,8 +2014,8 @@ } @Article{Phillips2013, - Title = {Micromorphological evidence for subglacial - multiphase sedimentation and deformation during overpressurized fluid flow + Title = {Micromorphological evidence for subglacial + multiphase sedimentation and deformation during overpressurized fluid flow associated with with hydrofracturing}, Author = {Phillips, E. and Everest, J. and Reeves, H.}, Journal = {Boreas}, @@ -2070,7 +2070,7 @@ } @article{Piotrowski1999b, - title={{Channelized subglacial drainage under soft-bedded ice sheets: evidence + title={{Channelized subglacial drainage under soft-bedded ice sheets: evidence from small N-channels in Central European Lowland}}, author={Piotrowski, J. A.}, journal={Geol. Q.}, @@ -2088,7 +2088,7 @@ number = {3}, pages = {363--374}, author = {J. A. Piotrowski and J. Geletneky and R. Vater}, - title = {{Soft-bedded subglacial meltwater channel from the Welzow-S\"ud + title = {{Soft-bedded subglacial meltwater channel from the Welzow-S\"ud open-cast lignite mine, Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany}}, journal = {Boreas} } @@ -2100,10 +2100,10 @@ volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {945--948}, - author = {A. M. {Le Brocq} and N. Ross and J. A. Griggs and R. G. Bingham - and H. F. J. Corr and F. Ferraccioli and A. Jenkins and T. A. Jordan and A. + author = {A. M. {Le Brocq} and N. Ross and J. A. Griggs and R. G. Bingham + and H. F. J. Corr and F. Ferraccioli and A. Jenkins and T. A. Jordan and A. J. Payne and D. M. Rippin and M. J. Siegert}, - title = {{Evidence from ice shelves for channelized meltwater flow beneath + title = {{Evidence from ice shelves for channelized meltwater flow beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet}}, journal = {Nature Geoscience} } @@ -2541,13 +2541,13 @@ Acuña, C. and Akins, T. and Brecher, H. and Frederick, E. and Gogineni, P. and Krabill, W. and Manizade, S. and Ramamoorthy, H. and Rivera, A. and Russell, R. and Sonntag, J. and Swift, R. and Yungel, J. and - Zwally, J.}, + Zwally, J.}, title = {Accelerated sea-level rise from {W}est {A}ntarctica}, - volume = {306}, - number = {5694}, - pages = {255-258}, - year = {2004}, - journal = {Science} + volume = {306}, + number = {5694}, + pages = {255-258}, + year = {2004}, + journal = {Science} } @Article{Thomason2008, @@ -3222,7 +3222,7 @@ @article{Gu2014, title={Rheology of cohesive granular materials across multiple dense-flow regimes}, - author={Gu, Y. and Chialvo, S. and Sundaresan, S.}, + author={Gu, Y. and Chialvo, S. and Sundaresan, S.}, journal={Physical Review E}, volume={90}, number={3}, @@ -3272,7 +3272,7 @@ volume = {36}, number = {11}, author = {J. P. Winberry and S. Anandakrishnan and R. B. Alley}, - title = {{Seismic observations of transient subglacial water-flow beneath + title = {{Seismic observations of transient subglacial water-flow beneath MacAyeal Ice Stream, West Antarctica}}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} } @@ -3384,7 +3384,7 @@ } @article{KyrkeSmith2015, - title={Subglacial hydrology as a control on emergence, scale, and spacing of + title={Subglacial hydrology as a control on emergence, scale, and spacing of ice streams}, author={Kyrke-Smith, T. M. and Katz, R. F. and Fowler, A. C.}, journal={J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.}, @@ -3607,38 +3607,38 @@ @article{Iverson2003, author = {Iverson, N. R. and Cohen, D. and Hooyer, T. S. and Fischer, U. H. and - Jackson, M. and Moore, P. L. and Lappegard, G. and Kohler, J.}, + Jackson, M. and Moore, P. L. and Lappegard, G. and Kohler, J.}, title = {{Effects of Basal Debris on Glacier Flow}}, - volume = {301}, - number = {5629}, - pages = {81--84}, - year = {2003}, - doi = {10.1126/science.1083086}, - journal = {Science} + volume = {301}, + number = {5629}, + pages = {81--84}, + year = {2003}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1083086}, + journal = {Science} } @article{Zwally2002, author = {Zwally, H. J. and Abdalati, W. and Herring, T. and Larson, - K. and Saba, J. and Steffen, K.}, + K. and Saba, J. and Steffen, K.}, title = {{Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow}}, - volume = {297}, - number = {5579}, - pages = {218--222}, - year = {2002}, - journal = {Science} + volume = {297}, + number = {5579}, + pages = {218--222}, + year = {2002}, + journal = {Science} } @article{vandeWal2008, author = {van de Wal, R. S. W. and Boot, W. and van den Broeke, M. R. and Smeets, C. J. P. P. and Reijmer, C. H. and Donker, J. J. A. and - Oerlemans, J.}, + Oerlemans, J.}, title = {{Large and Rapid Melt-Induced Velocity Changes in the Ablation Zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet}}, - volume = {321}, - number = {5885}, - pages = {111--113}, - year = {2008}, - journal = {Science} + volume = {321}, + number = {5885}, + pages = {111--113}, + year = {2008}, + journal = {Science} } @article{Bartholomaus2008, @@ -3970,21 +3970,21 @@ } @inbook{Stocker2013, - author = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Alexander, L. V. - and Allen, S. K. and Bindoff, N. L. and Bréon, F.-M. and Church, J. A. and - Cubasch, U. and Emori, S. and Forster, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and - Gillett, N. and Gregory, J. M. and Hartmann, D. L. and Jansen, E. and - Kirtman, B. and Knutti, R. and Krishna Kumar, K. and Lemke, P. and - Marotzke, J. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Meehl, G. A. and Mokhov, I. I. - and Piao, S. and Ramaswamy, V. and Randall, D. and Rhein, M. and Rojas, - M. and Sabine, C. and Shindell, D. and Talley, L. D. and Vaughan, D. G. and + author = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Alexander, L. V. + and Allen, S. K. and Bindoff, N. L. and Bréon, F.-M. and Church, J. A. and + Cubasch, U. and Emori, S. and Forster, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and + Gillett, N. and Gregory, J. M. and Hartmann, D. L. and Jansen, E. and + Kirtman, B. and Knutti, R. and Krishna Kumar, K. and Lemke, P. and + Marotzke, J. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Meehl, G. A. and Mokhov, I. I. + and Piao, S. and Ramaswamy, V. and Randall, D. and Rhein, M. and Rojas, + M. and Sabine, C. and Shindell, D. and Talley, L. D. and Vaughan, D. G. and Xie, S.-P.}, title = {Technical Summary}, - booktitle = {IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the + booktitle = {IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. + Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, - editor = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and - Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and + editor = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and + Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, chapter = {TS}, @@ -5230,7 +5230,7 @@ pages = {n/a--n/a}, year = {2015}, note = {2015GL064355}, -} +} @article{Wuite2015, title={Evolution of surface velocities and ice discharge of Larsen B outlet glaciers from 1995 to 2013}, author={Wuite, J. and Rott, H. and Hetzenecker, M. and Floricioiu, D. and De Rydt, J. and Gudmundsson, G. H. and Nagler, T. and Kern, M.}, @@ -5519,9 +5519,9 @@ } @article{Walter2011, - title={Transient slip events from near-field seismic and geodetic data on a + title={Transient slip events from near-field seismic and geodetic data on a glacier fault, {Whillans Ice Plain, West Antarctica}}, - author={Walter, J. I. and Brodsky, E. E. and Tulaczyk, S. and Schwartz, S. + author={Walter, J. I. and Brodsky, E. E. and Tulaczyk, S. and Schwartz, S. and Pettersson, R.}, journal={J. Geophys. Res.}, volume={116}, @@ -5552,9 +5552,9 @@ } @article{Siegfried2016, - title={Episodic ice velocity fluctuations triggered by a subglacial flood in + title={Episodic ice velocity fluctuations triggered by a subglacial flood in {West Antarctica}}, - author={Siegfried, M. R. and Fricker, H. A. and Carter, S. P. and Tulaczyk, + author={Siegfried, M. R. and Fricker, H. A. and Carter, S. P. and Tulaczyk, S.}, journal={Geophys. Res. Lett.}, year={2016}, @@ -5594,7 +5594,7 @@ } @article{Schlangen1996, - title={New method for simulating fracture using an elastically uniform + title={New method for simulating fracture using an elastically uniform random geometry lattice}, author={Schlangen, E. and Garboczi, E. J.}, journal={International Journal of Engineering Science}, @@ -5607,12 +5607,12 @@ @techreport{Austrell2004, title={{CALFEM}: A finite element toolbox, version 3.4}, - author={Austrell, P.-E. and Dahlblom, O. and Lindemann, J. and Olsson, A. - and Olsson, K.-G. and Persson, K. and Petersson, H. and Ristinmaa, M. + author={Austrell, P.-E. and Dahlblom, O. and Lindemann, J. and Olsson, A. + and Olsson, K.-G. and Persson, K. and Petersson, H. and Ristinmaa, M. and Sandberg, G. and Wernberg, P.-A.}, year={2004}, - institution={Report TVSM-99/2001, Lund University, Department of Mechanics - and Materials, Devision of Structural Mechanics and Division of Solid + institution={Report TVSM-99/2001, Lund University, Department of Mechanics + and Materials, Devision of Structural Mechanics and Division of Solid Mechanics} } @@ -5642,7 +5642,7 @@ @article{Aastroem2013, title={A particle based simulation model for glacier dynamics}, - author={Astrom, J. A. and Riikila, T. I. and Tallinen, T. and Zwinger, T. + author={Astrom, J. A. and Riikila, T. I. and Tallinen, T. and Zwinger, T. and Benn, D. and Moore, J. C. and Timonen, J.}, journal={The Cryosphere}, pages={1591--1602}, @@ -5663,9 +5663,9 @@ @article{Topin2007, title={Strength and failure of cemented granular matter}, - author={Topin, V. and Delenne, J.-Y. and Radja{\"i}, F. and Brendel, L. and + author={Topin, V. and Delenne, J.-Y. and Radja{\"i}, F. and Brendel, L. and Mabille, F.}, - journal={The European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter and Biological + journal={The European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter and Biological Physics}, volume={23}, number={4}, @@ -5686,9 +5686,9 @@ } @article{Peng2014, - title={Antarctic icequakes triggered by the 2010 {M}aule earthquake in + title={Antarctic icequakes triggered by the 2010 {M}aule earthquake in {C}hile}, - author={Peng, Z. and Walter, J. I. and Aster, R. C. and Nyblade, A. and + author={Peng, Z. and Walter, J. I. and Aster, R. C. and Nyblade, A. and Wiens, D. A. and Anandakrishnan, S.}, journal={Nat. Geosci.}, volume={7}, @@ -5698,9 +5698,9 @@ } @article{Wiens2008, - title={Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick--slip + title={Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick--slip motion of an {A}ntarctic ice stream}, - author={Wiens, D. A. and Anandakrishnan, S. and Winberry, J. P. and King, M. + author={Wiens, D. A. and Anandakrishnan, S. and Winberry, J. P. and King, M. A.}, journal={Nature}, volume={453}, @@ -5712,7 +5712,7 @@ @article{Ferdowsi2015, title={Acoustically induced slip in sheared granular layers: Application to dynamic earthquake triggering}, - author={Ferdowsi, B. and Griffa, M. and Guyer, R. A. and Johnson, P. A. and + author={Ferdowsi, B. and Griffa, M. and Guyer, R. A. and Johnson, P. A. and Marone, C. and Carmeliet, J.}, journal={Geophys. Res. Lett.}, volume={42}, @@ -5723,7 +5723,7 @@ } @article{Suckale2014, - title={Deformation-induced melting in the margins of the {W}est {A}ntarctic + title={Deformation-induced melting in the margins of the {W}est {A}ntarctic ice streams}, author={Suckale, J. and Platt, J. D. and Perol, T. and Rice, J. R.}, journal={J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.}, @@ -5735,7 +5735,7 @@ } @article{Perol2015, - title={Shear heating and weakening of the margins of {W}est {A}ntarctic ice + title={Shear heating and weakening of the margins of {W}est {A}ntarctic ice streams}, author={Perol, T. and Rice, J. R.}, journal={Geophys. Res. Lett.}, @@ -5764,13 +5764,13 @@ number = {22}, pages = {11,697--11,707}, author = {C. W. Elsworth and J. Suckale}, - title = {{Rapid ice flow rearrangement induced by subglacial drainage in + title = {{Rapid ice flow rearrangement induced by subglacial drainage in West Antarctica}}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} } @article{Feldmann2015, - title={Collapse of the {W}est {A}ntarctic {I}ce {S}heet after local + title={Collapse of the {W}est {A}ntarctic {I}ce {S}heet after local destabilization of the {A}mundsen Basin}, author={Feldmann, J. and Levermann, A.}, journal={P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, @@ -5782,9 +5782,9 @@ } @article{Ritz2015, - title={Potential sea-level rise from {A}ntarctic ice-sheet instability + title={Potential sea-level rise from {A}ntarctic ice-sheet instability constrained by observations}, - author={Ritz, C. and Edwards, T. L. and Durand, G. and Payne, A. J. and + author={Ritz, C. and Edwards, T. L. and Durand, G. and Payne, A. J. and Peyaud, V. and Hindmarsh, R. C. A.}, journal={Nature}, volume={528}, @@ -5808,7 +5808,7 @@ @article{Alley2007, title={Effect of sedimentation on ice-sheet grounding-line stability}, - author={Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S. and Dupont, T. K. and Parizek, B. + author={Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S. and Dupont, T. K. and Parizek, B. R. and Pollard, D.}, journal={Science}, volume={315}, @@ -5819,7 +5819,7 @@ } @article{Kuriger2006, - title={{Episodic reactivation of large-scale push moraines in front of the + title={{Episodic reactivation of large-scale push moraines in front of the advancing Taku Glacier, Alaska}}, author={Kuriger, E. M. and Truffer, M. and Motyka, R. J. and Bucki, A. K.}, journal={J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.}, @@ -5830,9 +5830,9 @@ } @article{Anandakrishnan2007, - title={{Discovery of till deposition at the grounding line of Whillans Ice + title={{Discovery of till deposition at the grounding line of Whillans Ice Stream}}, - author={Anandakrishnan, S. and Catania, G. A. and Alley, R. B. and Horgan, H. + author={Anandakrishnan, S. and Catania, G. A. and Alley, R. B. and Horgan, H. J.}, journal={Science}, volume={315}, @@ -5843,9 +5843,9 @@ } @article{Magnusson2007, - title={{The impact of j{\"o}kulhlaups on basal sliding observed by SAR + title={{The impact of j{\"o}kulhlaups on basal sliding observed by SAR interferometry on Vatnaj{\"o}kull, Iceland}}, - author={Magn{\'u}sson, E. and Rott, H. and Bj{\"o}rnsson, H. and P{\'a}lsson, + author={Magn{\'u}sson, E. and Rott, H. and Bj{\"o}rnsson, H. and P{\'a}lsson, F.}, journal={J. Glaciol.}, volume={53}, @@ -5856,7 +5856,7 @@ } @article{Stearns2008, - title={{Increased flow speed on a large East Antarctic outlet glacier caused + title={{Increased flow speed on a large East Antarctic outlet glacier caused by subglacial floods}}, author={Stearns, L. A. and Smith, B. E. and Hamilton, G. S.}, journal={Nat. Geosci.}, @@ -5869,8 +5869,8 @@ @article{Spagnolo2016, title={Ice stream motion facilitated by a shallow-deforming and accreting bed}, - author={Spagnolo, M. and Phillips, E. and Piotrowski, J. A. and Rea, B. R. and - Clark, C. D. and Stokes, C. R. and Carr, S. J. and Ely, J. C. and + author={Spagnolo, M. and Phillips, E. and Piotrowski, J. A. and Rea, B. R. and + Clark, C. D. and Stokes, C. R. and Carr, S. J. and Ely, J. C. and Ribolini, A. and Wysota, W. and Szuman, I.}, journal={Nat. Comms.}, volume={7}, @@ -5879,9 +5879,9 @@ } @article{Bougamont2015, - title={{Reactivation of Kamb Ice Stream tributaries triggers century-scale + title={{Reactivation of Kamb Ice Stream tributaries triggers century-scale reorganization of Siple Coast ice flow in West Antarctica}}, - author={Bougamont, M. and Christoffersen, P. and Price, S. F. and Fricker, H. + author={Bougamont, M. and Christoffersen, P. and Price, S. F. and Fricker, H. A. and Tulaczyk, S. and Carter, S. P.}, journal={Geophys. Res. Lett.}, volume={42}, @@ -5933,9 +5933,9 @@ } @article{Houssais2015, - title={Onset of sediment transport is a continuous transition driven by + title={Onset of sediment transport is a continuous transition driven by fluid shear and granular creep}, - author={Houssais, M. and Ortiz, C. P. and Durian, D. J. and Jerolmack, D. + author={Houssais, M. and Ortiz, C. P. and Durian, D. J. and Jerolmack, D. J.}, journal={Nat. Comms.}, volume={6}, @@ -5998,7 +5998,7 @@ } @article{Alley1992, - title={How can low-pressure channels and deforming tills coexist + title={How can low-pressure channels and deforming tills coexist subglacially?}, author={Alley, R. B.}, journal={J. Glaciol.}, @@ -6009,9 +6009,9 @@ } @article{Walder2015, - author={Walder, J. S. and Iverson, R. M. and Godt, J. W. and Logan, M. and + author={Walder, J. S. and Iverson, R. M. and Godt, J. W. and Logan, M. and Solovitz, S. A.}, - title={Controls on the breach geometry and flood hydrograph during + title={Controls on the breach geometry and flood hydrograph during overtopping of noncohesive earthen dams}, journal={Water Resour. Res.}, volume={51}, @@ -6030,9 +6030,9 @@ } @article{Minchew2016, - author={Minchew, B. and Simons, M. and Bj\"ornsson, H. and P\'alsson, F. and + author={Minchew, B. and Simons, M. and Bj\"ornsson, H. and P\'alsson, F. and Morlighem, M. and Seroussi, H. and Larour, E. and Hensley, S.}, - title={{Plastic bed beneath Hofsj\"okull Ice Cap, central Iceland, and the + title={{Plastic bed beneath Hofsj\"okull Ice Cap, central Iceland, and the sensitivity of ice flow to surface meltwater flux}}, journal={J. Glaciol.}, volume={62}, @@ -6078,9 +6078,9 @@ } @article {Joughin2006, - author = {Joughin, I. and Bamber, J. L. and Scambos, T. and Tulaczyk, S. + author = {Joughin, I. and Bamber, J. L. and Scambos, T. and Tulaczyk, S. and Fahnestock, M. and MacAyeal, D. R.}, - title = {Integrating satellite observations with modelling: basal shear + title = {Integrating satellite observations with modelling: basal shear stress of the {F}ilcher-{R}onne ice streams, {A}ntarctica}, volume = {364}, number = {1844}, @@ -6117,8 +6117,8 @@ @article {Swift2002, author="Swift, D. A. and Nienow, P. W. and Spedding, N. and Hoey, T. B.", - title="Geomorphic implications of subglacial drainage configuration: rates - of basal sediment evacuation controlled by seasonal drainage system + title="Geomorphic implications of subglacial drainage configuration: rates + of basal sediment evacuation controlled by seasonal drainage system evolution", journal="Sediment. Geol.", volume="149", @@ -6129,7 +6129,7 @@ @article {Swift2005, author="Swift, D. A. and Nienow, P. W. and Hoey, T. B.", - title="Basal sediment evacuation by subglacial meltwater: suspended sediment + title="Basal sediment evacuation by subglacial meltwater: suspended sediment transport from {Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland}", journal="Earth Surf. Process. Landforms", volume="30", @@ -6160,7 +6160,7 @@ @article{Hooke1984, author={Hooke, R. LeB.}, - title={On the role of mechanical energy in maintaining subglacial water + title={On the role of mechanical energy in maintaining subglacial water conduits at atmospheric pressure}, journal={J. Glaciol.}, volume={30}, @@ -6180,22 +6180,22 @@ } @Article{Fretwell2013, - AUTHOR = {Fretwell, P. and Pritchard, H. D. and Vaughan, D. G. and Bamber, - J. L. and Barrand, N. E. and Bell, R. and Bianchi, C. and Bingham, R. G. - and Blankenship, D. D. and Casassa, G. and Catania, G. and Callens, D. - and Conway, H. and Cook, A. J. and Corr, H. F. J. and Damaske, D. and - Damm, V. and Ferraccioli, F. and Forsberg, R. and Fujita, S. and Gim, Y. - and Gogineni, P. and Griggs, J. A. and Hindmarsh, R. C. A. and Holmlund, - P. and Holt, J. W. and Jacobel, R. W. and Jenkins, A. and Jokat, W. and - Jordan, T. and King, E. C. and Kohler, J. and Krabill, W. and - Riger-Kusk, M. and Langley, K. A. and Leitchenkov, G. and Leuschen, C. - and Luyendyk, B. P. and Matsuoka, K. and Mouginot, J. and Nitsche, F. O. - and Nogi, Y. and Nost, O. A. and Popov, S. V. and Rignot, E. and - Rippin, D. M. and Rivera, A. and Roberts, J. and Ross, N. and Siegert, - M. J. and Smith, A. M. and Steinhage, D. and Studinger, M. and Sun, B. - and Tinto, B. K. and Welch, B. C. and Wilson, D. and Young, D. A. and + AUTHOR = {Fretwell, P. and Pritchard, H. D. and Vaughan, D. G. and Bamber, + J. L. and Barrand, N. E. and Bell, R. and Bianchi, C. and Bingham, R. G. + and Blankenship, D. D. and Casassa, G. and Catania, G. and Callens, D. + and Conway, H. and Cook, A. J. and Corr, H. F. J. and Damaske, D. and + Damm, V. and Ferraccioli, F. and Forsberg, R. and Fujita, S. and Gim, Y. + and Gogineni, P. and Griggs, J. A. and Hindmarsh, R. C. A. and Holmlund, + P. and Holt, J. W. and Jacobel, R. W. and Jenkins, A. and Jokat, W. and + Jordan, T. and King, E. C. and Kohler, J. and Krabill, W. and + Riger-Kusk, M. and Langley, K. A. and Leitchenkov, G. and Leuschen, C. + and Luyendyk, B. P. and Matsuoka, K. and Mouginot, J. and Nitsche, F. O. + and Nogi, Y. and Nost, O. A. and Popov, S. V. and Rignot, E. and + Rippin, D. M. and Rivera, A. and Roberts, J. and Ross, N. and Siegert, + M. J. and Smith, A. M. and Steinhage, D. and Studinger, M. and Sun, B. + and Tinto, B. K. and Welch, B. C. and Wilson, D. and Young, D. A. and Xiangbin, C. and Zirizzotti, A.}, - TITLE = {Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for + TITLE = {Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for {A}ntarctica}, JOURNAL = {The Cryosphere}, VOLUME = {7}, @@ -6345,7 +6345,7 @@ @article{Lindsey2016, author={Lindsey, E. O. and Fialko, Y.}, - title={{Geodetic constraints on frictional properties and earthquake hazard + title={{Geodetic constraints on frictional properties and earthquake hazard in the Imperial Valley, Southern California}}, journal={J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, volume={121}, @@ -6356,8 +6356,8 @@ @article {Barbot2009, author = {Barbot, S. and Fialko, Y. and Bock, Y.}, - title = {{Postseismic deformation due to the Mw 6.0 2004 Parkfield earthquake: - Stress-driven creep on a fault with spatially variable rate-and-state friction + title = {{Postseismic deformation due to the Mw 6.0 2004 Parkfield earthquake: + Stress-driven creep on a fault with spatially variable rate-and-state friction parameters}}, journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, volume = {114}, @@ -6369,7 +6369,7 @@ @article{Wiberg1987, author={P. L. Wiberg and J. D. Smith}, - title={Calculation of the critical shear stress for motion of uniform and + title={Calculation of the critical shear stress for motion of uniform and heterogeneous sediments}, journal={Water Resour. Res.}, volume={23}, @@ -6394,7 +6394,7 @@ doi = {10.1002/2016gl071579}, year = 2016, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, - author = {A. Damsgaard and D. L. Egholm and L. H. Beem and S. Tulaczyk and + author = {A. Damsgaard and D. L. Egholm and L. H. Beem and S. Tulaczyk and N. K. Larsen and J. A. Piotrowski and M. R. Siegfried}, title = {Ice flow dynamics forced by water pressure variations in subglacial granular beds}, volume = 43, @@ -6406,19 +6406,19 @@ year = 2016, volume = {--}, pages = {--}, - author = {L. M. Simkins and J. B. Anderson and S. L. Greenwood and H. - Gonnermann and L. O. Prothro and A. R. W. Halberstadt and L. A. Stearns and + author = {L. M. Simkins and J. B. Anderson and S. L. Greenwood and H. + Gonnermann and L. O. Prothro and A. R. W. Halberstadt and L. A. Stearns and D. Pollard and R. M. DeConto}, - title = {{Meltwater outbursts associated with past grounding line retreat of + title = {{Meltwater outbursts associated with past grounding line retreat of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet}}, journal = {In review} } @article{Greenwood2016, - author = {Greenwood, S. L. and Clason, C. C. and Nyberg, J. and Jakobsson, M. + author = {Greenwood, S. L. and Clason, C. C. and Nyberg, J. and Jakobsson, M. and Holmlund, P.}, year = {2016}, - title = {{The Bothnian Sea ice stream: early Holocene retreat dynamics of the + title = {{The Bothnian Sea ice stream: early Holocene retreat dynamics of the south‐central Fennoscandian Ice Sheet}}, journal = {Boreas}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, @@ -6434,8 +6434,8 @@ number = {4}, pages = {481--492}, author = {J. A. Piotrowski and P. Hermanowski and A. M. Piechota}, - title = {{Meltwater discharge through the subglacial bed and its - land-forming consequences from numerical experiments in the Polish lowland + title = {{Meltwater discharge through the subglacial bed and its + land-forming consequences from numerical experiments in the Polish lowland during the last glaciation}}, journal = {Earth Surf. Processes Landforms} } @@ -6460,7 +6460,7 @@ number = {30}, pages = {12225--12228}, author = {D. M. Schroeder and D. D. Blankenship and D. A. Young}, - title = {{Evidence for a water system transition beneath Thwaites Glacier, + title = {{Evidence for a water system transition beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica}}, journal = {P. Natl. Acad. Sci.} } @@ -6484,7 +6484,7 @@ volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {3786--3794}, - author = {F. Gimbert and V. C. Tsai and J. M. Amundson and T. C. + author = {F. Gimbert and V. C. Tsai and J. M. Amundson and T. C. Bartholomaus and J. I. Walter}, title = {Subseasonal changes observed in subglacial channel pressure, size, and sediment transport}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} @@ -6514,9 +6514,9 @@ doi = "10.3198/1983JoG29-101-3-19" } @article{Andrews2014, - title={{Direct observations of evolving subglacial drainage beneath the + title={{Direct observations of evolving subglacial drainage beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet}}, - author={Andrews, L. C. and Catania, G. A. and Hoffman, M. J. and Gulley, J. + author={Andrews, L. C. and Catania, G. A. and Hoffman, M. J. and Gulley, J. D. and L{\"u}thi, M. P. and Ryser, C. and Hawley, R. L. and Neumann, T. A.}, journal={Nature}, volume={514}, @@ -6526,7 +6526,7 @@ doi = "10.3198/1983JoG29-101-3-19" } @article{Lesemann2010, -title = "``Glacial curvilineations'': New glacial landforms produced by +title = "``Glacial curvilineations'': New glacial landforms produced by longitudinal vortices in subglacial meltwater flows", journal = "Geomorphology", volume = "120", @@ -6538,7 +6538,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", } @article{Lesemann2014, -title = {{Genesis of the ``glacial curvilineation'' landscape by meltwater +title = {{Genesis of the ``glacial curvilineation'' landscape by meltwater processes under the former Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Poland}}, journal = "Sedimentary Geology", volume = "312", @@ -6563,7 +6563,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", year = 1936, volume = {26}, author = {I. A. Shields}, - title = {{Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf + title = {{Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung}}, journal = {Mitt. Preuss Ver.-Anst} } @@ -6610,9 +6610,9 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", publisher = {American Physical Soc. ({APS})}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, - author = {A. Pons and A. Amon and T. Darnige and J. Crassous and E. + author = {A. Pons and A. Amon and T. Darnige and J. Crassous and E. Cl{\'{e}}ment}, - title = {{Mechanical fluctuations suppress the threshold soft-glassy solids: + title = {{Mechanical fluctuations suppress the threshold soft-glassy solids: The secular drift scenario}}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E} } @@ -6645,7 +6645,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {180-181}, pages = {170--179}, author = {J. Braun and S. D. Willett}, - title = {A very efficient O(n), implicit parallel method to solve the stream + title = {A very efficient O(n), implicit parallel method to solve the stream power equation governing fluvial incision and landscape evolution}, journal = {Geomorphology} } @@ -6658,7 +6658,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {7455}, pages = {475--478}, author = {D. L. Egholm and M. F. Knudsen and M. Sandiford}, - title = {Lifespan of mountain ranges scaled by feedbacks between landsliding + title = {Lifespan of mountain ranges scaled by feedbacks between landsliding and erosion by rivers}, journal = {Nature} } @@ -6671,7 +6671,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {63}, pages = {25--31}, author = {J. Kingslake and F. Ng}, - title = {Modelling the coupling of flood discharge with glacier flow during + title = {Modelling the coupling of flood discharge with glacier flow during jökulhlaups}, journal = {Ann. Glaciol.} } @@ -6848,9 +6848,9 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {119}, number = {10}, pages = {7909--7922}, - author = {E. O. Lindsey and Y. Fialko and Y. Bock and D. T. Sandwell and R. + author = {E. O. Lindsey and Y. Fialko and Y. Bock and D. T. Sandwell and R. Bilham}, - title = {{Localized and distributed creep along the southern San Andreas + title = {{Localized and distributed creep along the southern San Andreas Fault}}, journal = {J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth} } @@ -6955,10 +6955,10 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, volume = {77}, pages = {190--209}, - author = {C. R. Stokes and M. Spagnolo and C. D. Clark and C. {\'{O}} + author = {C. R. Stokes and M. Spagnolo and C. D. Clark and C. {\'{O}} Cofaigh and O. B. Lian and R. B. Dunstone}, - title = {{Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice - Stream bed: 1. size, shape and spacing from a large remote sensing + title = {{Formation of mega-scale glacial lineations on the Dubawnt Lake Ice + Stream bed: 1. size, shape and spacing from a large remote sensing dataset}}, journal = {Quat. Sci. Rev.} } @@ -6968,7 +6968,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", year = 2014, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, pages = {n/a--n/a}, - author = {M. Spagnolo and C. D. Clark and J. C. Ely and C. R. Stokes and J. + author = {M. Spagnolo and C. D. Clark and J. C. Ely and C. R. Stokes and J. B. Anderson and K. Andreassen and A. G. C. Graham and E. C. King}, title = {Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset}, journal = {Earth Surf. Proc. Land.} @@ -7018,7 +7018,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {20}, pages = {10,663--10,671}, author = {J. Jiang and Y. Fialko}, - title = {{Reconciling seismicity and geodetic locking depths on the Anza + title = {{Reconciling seismicity and geodetic locking depths on the Anza section of the San Jacinto fault}}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} } @@ -7124,7 +7124,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {5456}, pages = {1248--1250}, author = {J. L. Bamber and D. G. Vaughan and I. Joughin}, - title = {Widespread Complex Flow in the Interior of the {Antarctic Ice + title = {Widespread Complex Flow in the Interior of the {Antarctic Ice Sheet}}, journal = {Science} } @@ -7136,7 +7136,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {412}, pages = {112--121}, author = {David Pollard and Robert M. DeConto and Richard B. Alley}, - title = {Potential {Antarctic Ice Sheet} retreat driven by hydrofracturing + title = {Potential {Antarctic Ice Sheet} retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure}, journal = {Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.} } @@ -7190,7 +7190,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {8}, pages = {15228}, author = {R. Drews and F. Pattyn and I. J. Hewitt and F. S. L. Ng and S. Berger and K. Matsuoka and V. Helm and N. Bergeot and L. Favier and N. Neckel}, - title = {Actively evolving subglacial conduits and eskers initiate ice shelf + title = {Actively evolving subglacial conduits and eskers initiate ice shelf channels at an {A}ntarctic grounding line}, journal = {Nat. Commun.} } @@ -7203,8 +7203,8 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {60}, pages = {229--234}, author = {Y. Xu and E. Rignot and D. Menemenlis and M. Koppes}, - title = {Numerical experiments on subaqueous melting of {G}reenland - tidewater glaciers in response to ocean warming and enhanced subglacial + title = {Numerical experiments on subaqueous melting of {G}reenland + tidewater glaciers in response to ocean warming and enhanced subglacial discharge}, journal = {Ann. Glaciol.} } @@ -7228,9 +7228,9 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {290--293}, - author = {K. E. Alley and T. A. Scambos and M. R. Siegfried and H. A. + author = {K. E. Alley and T. A. Scambos and M. R. Siegfried and H. A. Fricker}, - title = {Impacts of warm water on {A}ntarctic ice shelf stability through + title = {Impacts of warm water on {A}ntarctic ice shelf stability through basal channel formation}, journal = {Nat. Geosci.} } @@ -7238,7 +7238,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", @book{Einstein1950, year=1950, author={H. A. Einstein}, - title={The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open channel + title={The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open channel flows}, journal={Tech. Bull.}, volume={1026}, @@ -7265,9 +7265,9 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {250--255}, - author = {O. J. Marsh and H. A. Fricker and M. R. Siegfried and K. + author = {O. J. Marsh and H. A. Fricker and M. R. Siegfried and K. Christianson and K. W. Nicholls and H. F. J. Corr and G. Catania}, - title = {{High basal melting forming a channel at the grounding line of Ross + title = {{High basal melting forming a channel at the grounding line of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica}}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} } @@ -7280,7 +7280,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {10}, pages = {2220--2236}, author = {H. Sevestre and D. I. Benn and N. R. J. Hulton and K. Baelum}, - title = {{Thermal structure of Svalbard glaciers and implications for + title = {{Thermal structure of Svalbard glaciers and implications for thermal switch models of glacier surging}}, journal = {J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf.} } @@ -7328,8 +7328,8 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", number = {19}, pages = {10,311--10,321}, author = {F. Gillet-Chaulet and G. Durand and O. Gagliardini and C. Mosbeux and J. Mouginot and F. R{\'{e}}my and C. Ritz}, - title = {Assimilation of surface velocities acquired between 1996 and 2010 - to constrain the form of the basal friction law under {P}ine {I}sland + title = {Assimilation of surface velocities acquired between 1996 and 2010 + to constrain the form of the basal friction law under {P}ine {I}sland {G}lacier}, journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.} } @@ -7494,19 +7494,19 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", doi = {10.1038/ngeo3012}, year = 2017, publisher = {Springer Nature}, - author = {L. M. Simkins and J. B. Anderson and S. L. Greenwood and H. M. - Gonnermann and L. O. Prothro and A. R. W. Halberstadt and L. A. Stearns + author = {L. M. Simkins and J. B. Anderson and S. L. Greenwood and H. M. + Gonnermann and L. O. Prothro and A. R. W. Halberstadt and L. A. Stearns and D. Pollard and R. M. DeConto}, - title = {Anatomy of a meltwater drainage system beneath the ancestral {East + title = {Anatomy of a meltwater drainage system beneath the ancestral {East Antarctic} ice sheet}, journal = {Nature Geosci.} } @article{Kulessa2017, - title={{Seismic evidence for complex sedimentary control of Greenland Ice + title={{Seismic evidence for complex sedimentary control of Greenland Ice Sheet flow}}, - author={Kulessa, B. and Hubbard, A. L. and Booth, A. D. and Bougamont, M. and - Dow, C. F. and Doyle, S. H. and Christoffersen, P. and Lindb{\"a}ck, K. and + author={Kulessa, B. and Hubbard, A. L. and Booth, A. D. and Bougamont, M. and + Dow, C. F. and Doyle, S. H. and Christoffersen, P. and Lindb{\"a}ck, K. and Pettersson, R. and Fitzpatrick, A. A. W. and Jones, G. A.}, journal={Sci. Adv.}, volume={3}, @@ -7549,7 +7549,7 @@ author = "J.-E. Lesemann and J. A. Piotrowski and W. Wysota", @Article{Metivier2017, AUTHOR = {M\'etivier, F. and Lajeunesse, E. and Devauchelle, O.}, - TITLE = {Laboratory rivers: {L}acey's law, threshold theory, and channel + TITLE = {Laboratory rivers: {L}acey's law, threshold theory, and channel stability}, JOURNAL = {Earth Surf. Dyn.}, VOLUME = {5}, @@ -8753,7 +8753,19 @@ Winton and A. T. Wittenberg and F. Zeng and R. Zhang and J. P. Dunne}, title = {Determining glacier flow direction from till fabrics}, journal = {Geomorphology} } - +@article{Iverson2017b, + doi = {10.1002/2017jf004354}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017jf004354}, + year = 2017, + month = {dec}, + publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})}, + volume = {122}, + number = {12}, + pages = {2302--2323}, + author = {N. R. Iverson and R. G. McCracken and L. K. Zoet and {\'{I}}. Ö. Benediktsson and A. Schomacker and M. D. Johnson and J. Woodard}, + title = {A Theoretical Model of Drumlin Formation Based on Observations at M{\'{u}}lajökull, Iceland}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf.} +} @article{Pailha2009, doi = {10.1017/s0022112009007460}, year = 2009, @@ -9147,4 +9159,4 @@ Winton and A. T. Wittenberg and F. Zeng and R. Zhang and J. P. Dunne}, author = {K. Kamrin}, title = {Quantitative Rheological Model for Granular Materials: The Importance of Particle Size}, booktitle = {Handbook of Materials Modeling} -}- \ No newline at end of file +} diff --git a/continuum-granular-manuscript1.tex b/continuum-granular-manuscript1.tex @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ The simulated velocities are for the most part far greater than any glacial sett \subsection{Simulation setup} -Parameter values and their references are listed in Table~\ref{tab:params}. +Parameter values and their references are listed in Table~\ref{tab:params}. For the first experiment with variable water pressure, we apply a water-pressure forcing amplitude of 50 kPa that modulates effective stress at the top around 100 kPa (Fig.~\ref{fig:stick_slip}). \begin{figure*}[htbp] @@ -462,19 +462,24 @@ Deep deformation occurs when top water pressure is at a minimum, and the effecti \end{center} \end{figure} -\begin{figure}[htbp] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{experiments/fig8.pdf} - \caption{\label{fig:skin_depth}% - Skin depth of pore-pressure fluctuations (Eq.~\ref{eq:skin_depth}) with forcing frequencies ranging from yearly to hourly periods. - The permeability spans values common for tills \citep{Schwartz2003}. - } - \end{center} -\end{figure} +We next perturb the top water pressure with pulses of triangular and square shape (Fig.~\ref{fig:pulse}). +\textbf{ANALYSIS OF AMPLITUDE EFFECT} \section{Discussion}% \label{sec:discussion} -% Our model has a representative grain diameter, but tills are polydisperse +The stress-dependt sediment advection observed here is relevant for instability theories of subglacial landform development \citep{Hindmarsh1999, Fowler2000, Schoof2007}. +From geometrical considerations, it is likely that bed-normal stresses on the stoss side of subglacial topography are higher than on the lee side. +With all other physical conditions being equal, Figure~\ref{fig:strain_distribution} indicates that sediment advection through shear is stress dependent. +Topography of non-planar ice-bed interfaces (proto-drumlins, ribbed moraines, etc.) may be modulated or amplified through the variable transport capacity, unless normal stress variations are overprinted by spatial variations in water pressure \citep[e.g.][]{McCracken2016, Iverson2017b}. + + +Previously, \citet{Iverson2001} modeled the subglacial bed as a series of parallel Coulomb-frictional slabs. +They demonstrated that random perturbations in effective stress at depth can distribute deformation away from the ice-bed interface. +\citet{Tulaczyk1999} and \citet{Tulaczyk2000} demonstrated that Darcian diffusion of pore-pressure variations into the bed can distribute strain away form the ice-bed interface, without a lengthscale controlling deformation. +We couple the water-pressure diffusion with a more complex sediment rheology. +The slight rate dependence (Fig.~\ref{fig:rate-dependence}) makes it relatively trivial to couple to ice-flow models, while retaining realistic sediment physics. + + The water pressure variations vary with the same periodocity as the forcing, but with exponential decay in amplitude and increasing lag at depth. The skin depth is defined as the distance where the fluctuation amplitude decreases to $1/e$ of its surface value \citep[e.g.][]{Cuffey2010}. @@ -489,19 +494,23 @@ where $D$ is the hydraulic diffusivity [m$^2$/s] and $P$ [s] is the period of th The remaining terms were previously defined. The relation implies that the amplitude in water-pressure forcing does not influence the maximum depth of slip. Figure~\ref{fig:skin_depth} shows the skin depth for water under a range of permeabilities and forcing frequencies. -The stick-slip experiments (Fig.~\ref{fig:stick_slip} to~\ref{fig:stick_slip_depth_normalized}) correspond to a skin depth of 2.2 meter. +The stick-slip experiments (Fig.~\ref{fig:stick_slip}) correspond to a skin depth of 2.2 meter. Practically all of the shear strain through a perturbation cycle occurs above the skin depth (magenta line in Fig.~\ref{fig:stick_slip_depth}). -\section{Discussion}% -\label{sec:discussion} -\citet{Iverson2001} demonstrated that random perturbations in effective stress at depth can distribute deformation away from the ice-bed interface. +\begin{figure}[htbp] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{experiments/fig8.pdf} + \caption{\label{fig:skin_depth}% + Skin depth of pore-pressure fluctuations (Eq.~\ref{eq:skin_depth}) with forcing frequencies ranging from yearly to hourly periods. + The permeability spans values common for tills \citep{Schwartz2003}. + } + \end{center} +\end{figure} + + -\citet{Tulaczyk1999} and \citet{Tulaczyk2000} demonstrated that diffusion of pore-pressure variations into the bed can distribute strain away form the ice-bed interface. -% Stress dependence of sediment advection is very interesting because it is -% relevant for non-planar ice-bed interfaces and theories of landform -% instability (drumlins, ribbed moraines, etc) \section{Conclusion}%